Abstract: For the sake of improving dust removal from an electrostatic precipitator by rapping, the present disclosure proposes an electrostatic precipitator, comprising a flue gas chamber, a collecting electrode, a first rapping arrangement that raps the collecting electrode, a dust hopper, and a second rapping arrangement that raps at least one of the dust hopper and an element located within the dust hopper, wherein the second rapping arrangement is located within an inner chamber defined by the flue gas chamber and the dust hopper. The rapping by means of the second rapping arrangement may comprise rapping at least one of an inner wall of the dust hopper, a structural element located within the dust hopper and connected to at least one inner wall of the dust hopper, a rapping plate located within the dust hopper proximate to an inner wall of the dust hopper, and a baffle located within the dust hopper.

Abstract: A method for monitoring operation of a rapper in an electrostatic precipitator using a rapper control system is described. The method includes determining model electrical characteristics of the rapper. The model electrical characteristics of the rapper correspond to model mechanical operating characteristics of the rapper. The method also includes storing data corresponding to the model electrical characteristics and the model mechanical operating characteristics of the rapper, determining actual electrical characteristics of the rapper, and comparing the actual electrical characteristics of the rapper to the stored model electrical characteristics to determine actual mechanical operating characteristics of the rapper.

Abstract: A system (10) for monitoring an operating condition of an electrostatic precipitator rapper system (12) includes a rapper (24) configured to mechanically actuate to disengage pollutants from a plate of the electrostatic precipitator (12). The system also includes a sensor (38, 40) configured to obtain and transmit signals representative of vibration, motion, or current behavior of the rapper; and a processor (52) configured to receive the signals from the sensor and to detect whether the rapper is mechanically actuated.

Abstract: A device is coupled to a heat exchanger for mitigating fouling by applying a mechanical force to a fixed heat exchanger to excite a vibration in the heat exchange surface and produce shear waves in the fluid adjacent the heat exchange surface while the heat exchanger is in operation. An electromagnetic driven impulse device induces vibration onto heat exchanger tubes and/or an acoustic wave through the liquid service fluid to reduce fouling. The device can be mounted directly onto the outer part or piping and produces acoustical/vibrational modes onto the tube or near the surface of tubes.

Abstract: Methods and structures for reducing and/or eliminating moisture penetration in an optical package. The optical package may include (1) a layer of inorganic material placed over the points of the optical package susceptible moisture penetration of the optical package; (2) a portion of hygroscopic material placed over the points of the optical package susceptible to moisture penetration; (3) a layer of hygroscopic material placed on the interior surface of the optical package; and/or (4) a layer of hydrophobic material coated on the optical surfaces of the optical package.

Abstract: An improved method and system is provided to control the rapping process used to clean the internal collection plates and discharge electrodes of electrostatic precipitators. The system obtains the performance characteristics of a first rapper and calculates a rapper lift value. The system then obtains performance characteristic data from two or more additional rappers and calculates rapper lift values for each of the rappers. Finally, the system compares the rapper lift value of each additional rapper and adjusts its performance characteristics so that it substantially approximates the performance characteristics of the first rapper.

Abstract: A plurality of discharge electrodes are grouped for respective gas passages that are defined by collecting electrodes (11-15). The discharge electrodes in each group are connected to a common power supply unit for receiving output voltage through a diode provided for each group and are connected to a spark electrode (21). The spark electrode is positioned such that it sparks between a hammer (20) in a passageway of the hammer upon striking. Each group of the discharge electrodes has a ground unit to be grounded just before the collecting electrodes on both sides thereof are struck.

Abstract: A device in an electrostatic precipitator for suspending, controlling and rapping one or more collecting electrodes arranged essentially vertically in one or more substantially parallel rows includes, for each row, a substantially horizontally oriented carrier element, to which the upper ends of the collecting electrodes are attached, connecting elements which connect the carrier element to the casing of the electrostatic precipitator, a control arrangement for controlling the motion of each row of collecting electrodes in the transverse and/or longitudinal direction of the electrostatic precipitator, and a rapping mechanism for rapping the collecting electrodes of each row. The rapping mechanism includes a rapping device, such as a rapping hammer, and an anvil connected to the carrier element.

Abstract: An anvil arrangement for receiving rapper impacts and transmitting them to a discharge electrode of a precipitator has an electrode tube made of deformable material, having an open end and forming part of the discharge electrode. An anvil having a head and a shank is connected to the head and the shank has a size for insertion into the open end of the tube. The head is larger than the tube for engagement against the open end of the tube. The shank has a recess therein and at least one crimp in the tube near the open end thereof and in the vicinity of the recess of the shank for retaining the anvil to the tube. An alternate embodiment receives the electrode tube therein and engages the tube with an angled groove.

Abstract: A suspension device and a rapping mechanism for electrodes in a high voltage supplied electrostatic precipitator, wherein the suspension device has at least one horizontally arranged supporting element from which a number of electrodes are suspended, the supporting element being mounted inside a precipitator housing, and wherein the rapping mechanism is of the type which transmits a rapping influence to the uppermost ends of the electrodes. The electrodes are pivotably suspended, preferably eccentrically, and are stabilized in a substantially vertical position. The supporting element receives impact or vibrating influences supplied by an impact hammer or vibrator in the longitudinal direction of the element, while the electrodes are substantially free of play in this direction such the impact or vibrating influence on the element is imparted to the electrodes.

Abstract: A mechanism for rapping the electrodes of an electrostatic precipitator for the purpose of dislodging dust deposited on the electrodes is disclosed. The rapping mechanism incorporates a pair of impact beams (1, 1') between which collecting electrodes are suspended. The impact beams are so arranged that the beams slide on the upward-facing edges of a pair of support carriers (2, 2') secured to the precipitator housing. A drop hammer (7) rotatable about a horizontal shaft raps an anvil (6) secured to the impact beam pair (1, 1'), thereby causing a horizontal vibration of the impact beam pair (1, 1') without imparting any impact energy to the precipitator housing. A pair of springs (12) secured to the precipitator housing, one at each end of the impact beam pair, act against the horizontal movement of the impact beam pair and restore the impact beam pair to its original position.

Abstract: In an assembly incorporating a suspension device and a rapping mechanism for vertically mounted electrodes of a high-voltage supplied electrostatic precipitator, discharge electrodes (9) are suspended from horizontal frame tubes (8'), which are in turn connected to vertical frame tubes (5) having an upper, rod-shaped portion (12). The portion (12) of each of the frame tubes (5) is mounted in vertically aligned holes (14) in the legs of U-shaped support irons (4) attached to the carrier beams (1), which are in turn suspended from the roof of the precipitator housing via carrier rods (3). The upward facing end surface of the portion (12) serves as an abutment for a drop hammer (13) which causes rapping of the electrodes.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing an improved gum formulation useful for preventing oxidation in exposed and developed lithographic printing plates. The gum so produced exhibits reduced foaming and air entrapment properties.

Abstract: A flexible offset printing plate is formed from a directly imaged electrophotographic member comprising an inorganic coating of a photoconductive material on a polyester substrate. The photoconductive material is an oriented crystalline deposit about 3000 Angstroms thick which has been directly sputtered with radiofrequency energy in a process using a Langmuir sheath to produce a light sensitive, readily imaged abrasion-resistant, transparent coating. It is deposited on a sheet of dimensionally stable, transparent polyester film having a thickness of about 0.005 inch with an intervening sandwiched layer of ohmic material such as indium-tin oxide about 300 Angstroms thick. The transparency of the ohmic layer and the photoconductive coating on a transparent substrate result in a transparent plate.The electrophotographic member is imaged by charging, exposure and toning with a suitable toner.

Abstract: A photolithographic plate, method for preparation thereof, and salt compound useful in the preparation, the method involving the treatment of a metallic silver image on a substrate with a homogeneously stable acidic aqueous salt solution comprising a ferricyanide anion for oxidizing the metallic silver and an organic cation capable of forming a water-insoluble, inherently oleophilic complex with oxidized silver, the cation being derived from a protonatable nitrogen-substituted hydrocarbon compound containing a formal imine group therein which is in resonant association with adjacent groups within the hydrocarbon compound.

Abstract: Aqueous solutions are provided for treating imagebearing lithographic plates.

Abstract: A photosensitive diazo composition for a pre-sensitized lithographic plate which exhibits an extended shelf life as well as improved printing performance, the composition comprising (a) a diazonium compound, (b) an organic high molecular weight binder, and (c) from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of oxalic acid or a salt thereof.

Abstract: Planographic printing plates for use without fountain solution, and especially suitable for imaging with an electrophotographic toner, have a surface containing a fluorinated polyurethane. In use only the image areas accept ink.

Abstract: A very simple and easy method for preparing dry planographic printing plates having a high printing performance and durability in the absence of dampening water is proposed. The method comprises the steps of (a) coating one surface of substrate which is transparent to ultraviolet light with an uncured photocurable silicone, (b) bringing the thus coated surface into direct contact with a surface of a base plate to form a laminate, (c) providing on the other surface of the substrate an image pattern made of a material which is opaque to ultraviolet light, (d) irradiating the laminate with ultraviolet light from above the image pattern and (e) separating the substrate from the base plate to allow a portion of the photocured silicone coating to transfer to the surface of the base plate, and a portion of the uncured silicone coating to stay in situ on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Composite foils for producing colored advertising indicia comprise a colored, tacky layer between two release foils, the colored layer being sensitive to light either as being solubilized in exposed areas, these areas being washed away to leave the indicia, or as being insolubilized by exposure, the unexposed areas being washed away.

Abstract: A light-sensitive printing plate having a matt layer, which is removable at development, on the surface thereof.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive material suitable for offset printing and lithography comprising a flexible substrate, an electroconductive back coat layer formed on one surface of the substrate, an electroconductive intermediate layer formed on the other surface of the substrate and a photoconductive layer formed on the intermediate layer, said photoconductive layer being composed of a fine powder of a photoconductor dispersed in an electrically insulating resin, wherein said intermediate layer is composed of a composition comprising (A) an acrylic resin, (B) a vinyl acetate polymer having a degree of polymerization of 100 to 1700 and (C) a resinous conducting agent, in said composition the weight ratio of acrylic resin (A)/vinyl acetate polymer (B) is in the range of 4/1 to 10/1 and the amount of the conducting agent (C) is 20 to 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the sum of the components (A) and (B), said intermediate layer has such a multi-layer distribution stru

Abstract: A photosensitive printing plate comprising a support having thereon a photosensitive layer comprising a photo-curable composition and an o-quinonediazide compound in an amount of about 0.05 to 4 parts by weight per part by weight of the photo-curable composition.

Abstract: Letterpress and offset photopolymer printing plates are disclosed having relatively thin water developable photopolymer layers, which, after being developed, have ink-repulsive, non-image areas. Adhesive layers are provided in the disclosed printing plates that are interposed between an ink-repulsive coating contained in the printing plate substrate and the water-developable photopolymer, and provide a balance between satisfactory adhesive and ink-repulsive properties in the resulting plate.

Abstract: This invention relates to a photo-cross-linkable polymer containing units each having a 2-pyridone side group. The invention also relates to a photosensitive copying material including the novel photo-cross-linkable polymer.

Abstract: A photoreactive composition containing an effective amount of a polymer which includes as a recurring structure: ##STR1## wherein Ar is a bivalent aromatic radical, and M is selected from the class consisting of hydrogen, alkali metal, ammonium, and substituted ammonium. These compositions are useful in a wide variety of photochemical and photomechanical processes and are particularly suited for use as photopolymers, photoinitiators and photosensitizers in light sensitive coatings of presensitized lithographic plates.

Abstract: This invention relates to an aluminum base material for presensitized printing plates. The aluminum has an anodically produced oxide layer on the surface thereof, which layer is at least 0.0002 mm. thick, and the oxide layer is reacted with polyvinyl phosphonic acid.

Abstract: There are disclosed herein lithographic plates having an aluminum base the surface of which has been made porous and hardened first by an alternating current anodization in a hydrochloric acid electrolyte and then by a direct current anodization in a sulfuric acid electrolyte.

Abstract: An improved two printing step process for reproducing visual subject matter including the making of a secondary printing plate with a positive image random pattern screen and printing a substrate sequentially and in registry with the secondary printing plate and a master printing plate made with a conventional half tone screen. The random pattern screen is a positive image phototransparency having a large plurality of irregularly shaped highlight areas and constrasting shadow areas per square inch, an optical density from about 0.17 to about 1.6, a contrast factor from about 0.75 to about 1.5 and a transparency factor from about 0.25 to about 0.60. The random pattern screen is made from a transparent plate having light disruptive projections on its surface. A negative and a positive phototransparency of the transparent plate are made while controlling exposure and developing conditions to produce a positive image screen having the desired characteristics.

Abstract: A method for producing an improved aluminum substrate for lithographic printing plates which comprises applying an interlayer bonding solution to the surface of an aluminum web, heating said interlayer solution on the surface of the said aluminum at an elevated temperature and removing any excess solution which has not reacted with the aluminum substrate.

Abstract: A lithographic printing plate is prepared from a layer of a photopolymerizable composition comprising an oleophilic macromolecular organic binder and a leachable hydrophilic ethylenically unsaturated compound by e posing the layer and then leaching the compound from the unexposed areas by treating with a suitable developing solvent, preferably water, producing an oleophilic surface. A similar plate may be prepared from a composition containing a hydrophilic binder and oleophilic leachable compound by imagewise exposure and solvent leaching producing an oleophilic surface in exposed areas and a hydrophilic surface in unexposed areas.

Abstract: A developer composition for photosensitive coatings on substrates, particularly lithographic printing plates sensitized with substantially water-insoluble diazonium compounds, which is comprised of an aqueous solution of a substantially water-soluble organo-lithium salt, e.g., lithium naphthenate, lithium benzoate, lithium ricinoleate, etc. The novel developers quickly remove unexposed areas of the plate and yet do not detrimentally dissolve the exposed areas of the plate.

Abstract: A photosensitive composite sheet material comprising (i) a dimensionally stable substrate, (ii) a water-insoluble coating thereon of a poly-2,5-oxolane homopolymer or copolymer, the copolymer containing repeating units formed from epoxidized dienes and/or anionically polymerizable olefins, and (iii) a layer of photopolymerizable composition on the water-insoluble coating.

Abstract: A photosensitive lithographic printing plate comprising a support having thereon a photosensitive layer composed of a photosensitive diazo-oxide resin containing a hydroxystyrene unit and a hydroxystyrene unit having an o-quinoediazide group bonded through the oxygen of the hydroxystyrene. The photosensitive layer can contain an alkali-soluble resin. The photosensitive lithographic printing plate is stable mechanically, provides a large difference in solubility between the exposed areas and the unexposed areas of the layer, and has improved printability and sensitivity.

Abstract: A continuous tone dry process imaging film includes a solid, high optical density and substantially opaque film of dispersion imaging material deposited on a substrate. Energy is applied to the film of dispersion imaging material, in an amount sufficient to increase the absorbed energy in the material above a certain critical value, to change the same to a substantially fluid state in which the surface tension of the material acts to cause the film, where subject to the applied energy, to disperse and change to a discontinuous film comprising openings and deformed material which are frozen in place following the application of said energy and through which openings light can pass.

Abstract: A photopolymerizable coating over a diazo resin provides a high-speed lithographic plate or photoresist while improving the printing life of the plate while making its development simpler than that of most other photopolymer plates. The photopolymer is a cinnamoylated polyvinyl alcohol resin which is placed over a diazo based material.

Abstract: A presensitized planographic printing plate which is imaged by exposure to conventional ultraviolet light sources through a mask which is formed on the surface of the plate by means of a laser beam.

Abstract: Light sensitive, high molecular weight diazo polymers useful for the manufacture of color proofing guides are herein provided. The novel diazo polymers of the instant invention have the generic formula: ##STR1## Where R is methyl or hydrogen X is methoxy, ethoxy or hydrogenY is oxygen or sulfurZ is an anion of a sulfonic, carboxylic or phosphonic acidN is an integer from 8 to 970.

Abstract: A lithographic photographic material has a photosensitive layer comprising gelatin having an isoelectric point of at least 7 and a condensation product formed between a diazonium salt of a para-aminodipheynylamine derivative and an aldehyde. The photosensitive layer can be photoinsolubilized and will form a photo-relief.A method for using the lithographic photographic material comprises partially photoinsolubilizing the photosensitive layer and then immersing it in a bath of an acid or direct dye to form level dying, washing the dye material with water to remove unexposed areas, thereby forming an image composed of the dye photoinsolubilized resin layer corresponding to the exposed areas.

Abstract: An improved subtractive developer for use on lithographic plates is disclosed and claimed. More particularly, a subtractive developer which is comprised of alcohols of lower alkyls in combination of approximately equal parts with a complex mixture of water, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, surface active synthetic detergent soap, free fatty carboxylic acid, and inorganic phosphate.

Abstract: A light sensitive printing plate comprising a support having provided thereon a light sensitive layer and a matted layer, said matted layer being removable upon development and containing a light absorbing agent possessing an absorption in the spectral region to which the light-sensitive material coated on the light sensitive printing plate is sensitive.

Abstract: A radiation sensitive composition comprises a quaternary ammonium salt and a chemical sensitiser of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.21 is aryl, arylakenyl or arylalkyl, R.sup.22 is aryl, alkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, carboxylic acid or salt, or hydrogen and X is carboxylic acid or salt. The quaternary ammonium salt is of the type which will accept at least one electron on exposure to radiation to form a substance capable of causing metal to be deposited onto said substance from an electroless plating solution in contact with said substance and comprising a salt of said metal and a reducing agent. A radiation sensitive plate comprises a metallic substrate coated with a radiation sensitive layer comprising a quaternary ammonium salt. The layer may be formed of the above composition.

Abstract: A method for increasing the ink-receptivity of a light-sensitive planographic printing plate comprising a support having thereon a light-sensitive layer comprising an o-quinonediazide based light-sensitive material which is rendered alkali solution-soluble by irradiation of active light and a condensate of an aldehyde and a substituted phenol represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a halogen atom, and R.sub.3 is an alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group.

Abstract: A lith-type silver halide photographic light-sensitive material for forming halftone dot images is disclosed which contains a sensitizing dye represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## WHEREIN Z.sub.1 is an atomic group necessary for forming a naphthothiazole ring, Z.sub.2 is an atomic group necessary for forming a member selected from a group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted, benzothiazole, benzoselenazole, naphthothiazole and naphthoselenazole nucleus, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are respectively a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, X.sup..theta. is an anion, and n is a positive integer of 1 or 2 with the proviso that when the dye is an inner salt, n is 1.

Abstract: A method of producing a support for a printing plate comprising treating an aluminum plate, which has been oxidized by anodizing and then etched, with hot water or with water vapor.

Abstract: A process for producing a printing plate comprising imagewise exposing a light-sensitive material comprising a support with a hydrophilic surface and having thereon an unhardened silver halide emulsion layer, developing the imagewise exposed light-sensitive material with a non-tanning developer, fogging the remaining silver halide, developing the fogged remaining silver halide with a tanning developer to thereby simultaneously harden the emulsion layer at the areas developed, and removing the unhardened emulsion layer, whereby an oleophilic tanning relief image is formed.

Abstract: A processing-free lithographic printing plate, which comprises a support having deposited thereon a composition containing germanium and sulfur and at least one of a metal or metal compound in a physically mixed state.

Abstract: A structure for producing images, such as microform, comprises a layer of a water soluble high molecular weight condensation product of a nitrogen compound, which is capable of giving off nitrogen upon subjecting it to energy, to form an insoluble resinous product, and thereunder a layer of an image forming material which is not soluble in water.The imaging structure may also comprise as the image forming material a layer of a composition which contains from about 50 to 100 atomic percent, and preferably from about 80 to 100 atomic percent tellurium and extended thereover a layer of an energy sensitive material, which is capable of changing, upon subjecting it to energy, its solubility such that a latent image of soluble and insoluble areas is formed upon imagewise exposure.

Abstract: Photopolymerizable compositions and processes for photopolymerizing such compositions are provided, said process comprising admixing with said epoxides, photosensitive organohalogen compounds and thereafter applying energy to the resulting mixture. The organohalogens decompose to liberate an active catalyst which then serves to initiate polymerization of the epoxide material.

Abstract: An electrostatic printing plate is obtained by forming a permanent electroconductive pattern on its exposed portion, which is effected by irradiation of light to expose a light image on a photosensitive material comprising a photosensitive composition containing an aliphatic nitrogen compound and an organic halogen compound capable of generating a free radical upon irradiation by light.