Abstract: A process for the corrosion protection of metals such as magnesium, aluminium or titanium, where at least two steps are used, including both plasma electrolytic oxidation and chemical passivation. The combination of these two processing steps enhances the corrosion resistance performance of the surface beyond the capability of either of the steps in isolation, providing a more robust protection system. This process may be used as a corrosion protective coating in its own right, or as a protection-enhancing pre-treatment for top-coats such as powder coat or e-coat. When used without an additional top-coat, the treated parts can still retain electrical continuity with and adjoining metal parts. Advantages include reduced cost and higher productivity than traditional plasma-electrolytic oxidation systems, improved corrosion protection, greater coating robustness and electrical continuity.

Abstract: In a method for removing a substance from a feedstock comprising a solid metal or a solid metal compound, the feedstock is contacted with a fused-salt melt. The fused-salt melt contains a fused salt, a reactive-metal compound, and a reactive metal. The fused salt comprises an anion species which is different from the substance, the reactive-metal compound comprises the reactive metal and the substance, and the reactive metal is capable of reaction to remove at least some of the substance from the feedstock. A cathode and an anode contact the melt, and the feedstock contacts the cathode. An electrical current is applied between the cathode and the anode such that at least a portion of the substance is removed from the feedstock. During the application of the current, a quantity of the reactive metal in the melt is maintained sufficient to prevent oxidation of the anion species of the fused salt at the anode.

Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of improving the adhesion between silver surfaces and resin materials, such as epoxy resins and mold materials, used in the production of electronic devices. The invention provides a method for improving the adhesion between a silver surface and a resin material comprising a step of electrolytically treating the silver surface with a solution containing a hydroxide selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxides and mixtures thereof, wherein the silver surface is the cathode.

Abstract: A system [100?] and process [100] for the continuous recovery of metals is disclosed. The system [100?] comprises a continuous acid wash system [10?], a holding tank [60], a continuous elution system [20?], a continuous electrowinning system [40?], a carbon regeneration system [30?], and a continuous carbon loading/adsorption system [70?]. The systems and methods disclosed overcome the disadvantages associated with current systems and processes which utilize batch process steps and equipment designed for batch processes. The systems [10?, 20?, 30?] are each configured to receive a continuous inflow of a solution or slurry and deliver a continuous outflow of a solution or slurry, without interruptions which are common with conventional metal recovery systems [9000?].

Abstract: Proposed is a method of recovering valuable metal from scrap containing conductive oxide including the steps of using an insoluble electrode as either an anode or a cathode, using a scrap containing conductive oxide as the counter cathode or anode, performing electrolysis while periodically inverting the polarity, and recovering the scrap as hydroxide. With the foregoing method of recovering valuable metal from scrap containing conductive oxide, oxide system scrap is conductive oxide and a substance that can be reduced to metal or suboxide with hydrogen. This method enables the efficient recovery of valuable metal from sputtering target scrap containing conductive oxide or scrap such as mill ends of conductive oxide that arise during the production of such a sputtering target.

Abstract: Proposed is a method of recovering valuable metal from scrap containing conductive oxide including the steps of using scrap containing conductive oxide and performing electrolysis while periodically inverting the polarity, and recovering the scrap as hydroxide. With the foregoing method of recovering valuable metal from scrap containing conductive oxide, oxide system scrap is conductive oxide and a substance that can be reduced to metal or suboxide with hydrogen. This method enables to efficiently recover valuable metal from sputtering target scrap containing conductive oxide or scrap such as mill ends of conductive oxide that arise during the production of such a sputtering target.

Abstract: Provided is a method of recovering valuable metal from oxide system scrap including the steps of performing electrolysis using an insoluble electrode as an anode and an oxide system scrap as a cathode, and recovering the scrap of the cathode as metal or suboxide. Specifically, this method enables the efficient recovery of valuable metal from oxide system scrap of an indium-tin oxide (ITO) sputtering target or oxide system scrap such as mill ends that arise during the production of such a sputtering target.

Abstract: The invention relates to colloidal solutions of silver nanoparticles and to method of it preparation and can be used in different areas, particularly in medicine, veterinary science, food industry, cosmetology, household chemistry and agrochemistry. Method includes the electrochemical dissolution of silver in the deionized water. The silver in fine powder form with chemical purity of 99.999% and with nanoparticle sizes up to 100 nm is subjected to electrochemical dissolution in electrolyser, within which are located the electrodes in form of containers made from chemically neutral material, in which fine powder of silver from 100 to 150 g are placed, and by means of conductor covered by chemically neutral coat the direct voltage ranges from 30 to 45 volts is energized. Electrolysis is proceeded under conditions of cycling voltage polarity every 2 hours and mechanical stirring of solution 2 times in twenty-four hours until the concentration of silver in colloidal solution from 5.0 to 100 mg/l.

Abstract: Even a site having a complicated curved surface shape, such as a welded spot on a bottom of a nuclear reactor core, is simply and electrolytically etched without discharging an etching liquid in a large amount, whereby grain boundary on the surface of the nuclear reactor core internals can be confirmed visually. When the surface of nuclear reactor core internals is electrolytically etched, a sponge provided with holes having a communicating structure is integrated with an etching liquid, and the etching liquid is gelled, while the integrated combination is disposed in front of an electrode, followed by the application of voltage to turn on electricity at a state in which said electrode is electrically connected to the cathode of a direct-current power supply, and brought into contact with or approximated to the surface of the core internals electrically connected to the anode of the direct-current power supply.

Abstract: In general, in one aspect, a graphene film is used as a protective layer for current collectors in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. The graphene film inhibits passivation or corrosion of the underlying metals of the current collectors without adding additional weight or volume to the devices. The graphene film is highly conductive so the coated current collectors maintain conductivity as high as that of underlying metals. The protective nature of the graphene film enables less corrosion resistant, less costly and/or lighter weight metals to be utilized as current collectors. The graphene film may be formed directly on Cu or Ni current collectors using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or may be transferred to other types of current collectors after formation. The graphene film coated current collectors may be utilized in batteries, super capacitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, and fuel and electrolytic cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel cell separator and a method of producing the fuel cell separator. A first separator and a second separator are provided as the fuel cell separators. Firstly, the first separator and the second separator are heated. Thus, an Fe rich layer is formed in a surface layer of each of the first separator and the second separator, and a Cr rich layer where a proportion of Cr is 60% or more is formed in an inner portion of each of the first separator and the second separator. Then, an electrolytic treatment is applied to each of the first separator and the second separator to remove the Fe rich layer. By the removal, the Cr rich layer is exposed to the outside on the outermost surface layer of each of the first separator and the second separator.

Abstract: To provide a method for recovering a precious metal from a solution containing precious metal ions, an extracting agent or adsorbent used therefor, and a back-extracting agent or desorbent. An extracting agent or adsorbent in which precious metal ions are extracted or adsorbed, is brought into contact with a back-extracting agent or desorbent containing a sulfur-containing amino acid derivative represented by the following formula (I): wherein R1 is a methyl group, an ethyl group, a vinyl group, a C3-8 linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group, or a C6-14 aromatic hydrocarbon group, R2's are each independently a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a vinyl group, a C3-8 linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group or a C6-14 aromatic hydrocarbon group, and n is 0 or 1, to obtain a solution containing the precious metal ions, which is subjected to a reduction treatment to obtain a precious metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a superficial treatment method by electrolysis of ferrous surfaces to enhance friction or tread and seizing resistance features, wherein the surfaces provide the electrolysis anode, the electrolysis bath includes a sulphur species, primarily contains water and also contains a chloride salt and a nitrogen species in quantities which facilitates the sulphuration reaction of the surfaces.

Abstract: A process of forming and the resulting nano-pitted metal substrate that serves both as patterns to grow nanostructured materials and as current collectors for the resulting nanostructured material is disclosed herein. The nano-pitted substrate can be fabricated from any suitable conductive material that allows nanostructured electrodes to be grown directly on the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for plating pretreatment of a cylinder block that includes an electrode performing a plating pretreatment of the cylinder inner wall surface. A gap flow channel communicates with an in-electrode flow channel at a position closest to a seal jig, the gap flow channel being adapted to introduce a treatment liquid to the cylinder inner wall surface, the in-electrode flow channel being adapted to receive the treatment liquid having passed through a communicating hole. The present invention is provided a method for pretreating before plating a cylinder block including disposing an electrode to face the cylinder inner wall surface so as to form a gap flow channel, and introducing a treatment liquid to the gap flow channel thereby flowing through the treatment liquid toward a seal jig and then into an in-electrode flow channel through a communicating hole.

Abstract: A method of electrochemical dissolution of ruthenium-cobalt (Ru—Co)-based alloy is disclosed, in which a Ru—Co-based alloy bulk is subjected into an electrolyte solution comprising about 50 wt. % to 75 wt. % of sulfuric acid, thereby electrolyzing the Ru—Co-based alloy bulk and forming a product solution comprising Ru and Co ions in the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A method for recovering valuable metals, such as lead, silver and gold from the residue of an electrolytic zinc process, wherein the residue from the zinc process is suspended and sulfidized for converting the lead and silver compounds into sulfidic form, and further flotated for forming a flotation concentrate that contains valuable metals, wherein the sulfidizing and flotation processes are controlled electrochemically, so that the content of the sulfide ions fed in the sulfidizing stage is adjusted by means of the redox potential to a level where the grain size of the created valuable metal sulfides is sufficient for flotating them, and that the redox potential of the flotation stage is adjusted to be within a range where the collector chemical is adhered to the mineral to be flotated, but the sulfides are not oxidized.

Abstract: The invention related to the recycling field of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB), and especially involved a complete non-cyanogens wet process for green recycling of WPCB, which belonged to the field of recycle economy. In the invention, the process included that WPCB were broken by the jaw crusher, and then mixed copper powders and nonmetallic powders were separated by the method of air classification, the mixed copper powders were smelted and casted to get copper anode plates, the copper was purified by electrolytion, the valuable metals (such as copper, gold, silver, platinum and palladium, lead and tin) were recycled from the copper anode slime, and the waste water was recycled. The recovery ratio of all-metal was above 98%. The purity of the cathode copper was up to 4N level. The ratio of de-coppering was above 96%. The recovery ratio of gold was above 98.

Abstract: Bare aluminum baffles are adapted for resist stripping chambers and include an outer aluminum oxide layer, which can be a native aluminum oxide layer or a layer formed by chemically treating a new or used bare aluminum baffle to form a thin outer aluminum oxide layer.

Abstract: A method of microanalyzing ions, which includes: placing in a cavity having an internal volume, a volume of an ionic liquid that is smaller than the internal volume; placing in the cavity a solution containing the ions that are to be analyzed, a solvent of the solution and the ionic liquid being selected so as to be immiscible and so as to enable the ions to be transferred from the solution to the ionic liquid; and detecting a presence of the ions in the ionic liquid with an analyzer that analyzes at least one of cations or anions of the ions in the ionic liquid, in a free state or in a complexed state, the analyzer being in contact with the ionic liquid.

Abstract: A method of treating electrically conductive nanoparticles using a dynamic processing electrochemical cell.

Abstract: The present invention includes an electrolytic bath with increased contact specific surface area configured to effectively electrodeposit valuable metals from waste water, wherein the specific surface area of an electrode contacting the waste water is maximized to increase electrolysis efficiency, and electrolysis space is increased to enable effective electrodeposition and recovery of valuable metals from low-concentration waste water. The electrolytic bath comprises: a housing having an inlet, outlet, gas discharge hole, and inner space; an anode group comprising a plurality of anodes installed in the inner space; a cathode group installed between the anodes to form two electrolysis spaces, and cathode wire threads placed on one side of each electrolysis spaces. As waste water flows through the inlet and electrolysis spaces and then is discharged through the outlet, metal is electrodeposited onto the cathode group and gas is discharged through the gas discharge hole.

Abstract: Power distribution systems are useable in electrolytic reduction systems and include several cathode and anode assembly electrical contacts that permit flexible modular assembly numbers and placement in standardized connection configurations. Electrical contacts may be arranged at any position where assembly contact is desired. Electrical power may be provided via power cables attached to seating assemblies of the electrical contacts. Cathode and anode assembly electrical contacts may provide electrical power at any desired levels. Pairs of anode and cathode assembly electrical contacts may provide equal and opposite electrical power; different cathode assembly electrical contacts may provide different levels of electrical power to a same or different modular cathode assembly.

Abstract: In embodiments there are disclosed a substantially flat, flow through electrode, electrochemical cells comprising substantially flat flow through cathodes, and methods for electrochemically recovering a metal substantially liquid at room temperature.

Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of improving the adhesion between silver surfaces and resin materials, such as epoxy resins and mold materials, used in the production of electronic devices. The invention provides a method for improving the adhesion between a silver surface and a resin material comprising a step of electrolytically treating the silver surface with a solution containing a hydroxide selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxides and mixtures thereof, wherein the silver surface is the cathode.

Abstract: Electrodes are positioned substantially in contact with at least one surface of a solid to generate or absorb alkali metals when a voltage is applied between the electrodes.

Abstract: Methods for releasing associated guest materials from a metal organic framework are provided. Methods for associating guest materials with a metal organic framework are also provided. Methods are provided for selectively associating or dissociating guest materials with a metal organic framework. Systems for associating or dissociating guest materials within a series of metal organic frameworks are provided. Gas separation assemblies are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for activating a diamond-based electrode, which includes a step consisting in subjecting, in the presence of an aqueous solution containing an ionic electrolyte, said electrode to an alternately cathodic and anodic polarization potential, of increasing amplitude so as to obtain an anodic and cathodic current density of between 10 ?A/cm2 and 1 mA/cm2. The present invention also relates to a diamond-based electrode activated by said process and to the uses thereof.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to processes for the combination of injecting charge in a material electrochemically via non-faradaic (double-layer) charging, and retaining this charge and associated desirable properties changes when the electrolyte is removed. The present invention is also directed to compositions and applications using material property changes that are induced electrochemically by double-layer charging and retained during subsequent electrolyte removal. In some embodiments, the present invention provides reversible processes for electrochemically injecting charge into material that is not in direct contact with an electrolyte. Additionally, in some embodiments, the present invention is directed to devices and other material applications that use properties changes resulting from reversible electrochemical charge injection in the absence of an electrolyte.

Abstract: According to the invention there is provided a method of conduction including the steps of providing a quaternary ammonium compound, and causing the quaternary ammonium compound to conduct ionically.

Abstract: The method of surface treatment, as applied onto a metal base material, of the present invention includes a reduction treatment step of reduction-treating the oxide film formed on the metal base material and an oxidation treatment step of oxidation-treating the oxide film having been subjected to the reduction treatment.

Abstract: Chemical decontamination method of dissolving oxide film adhered to contaminated component including, preparing decontamination solution in which ozone is dissolved and oxidation additive agent, which suppresses corrosion of metal base of the contaminated component, is added, and applying the decontamination solution to the contaminated component, thereby to remove the oxide film by oxidation.

Abstract: Nickel entrained in the sulphide mineral pyrrhotite is engineered to dissolve in leaching acid in a two step procedure. First, a slurry of the mineral and the acid is activated by oxidation. This is done in a time T1 by electrolysis; or alternatively chemically, by adding e.g an oxidizing acid to the mineral. After activation, the slurry is then kept under anoxic conditions for a time T2. During T2, the sulphide starts to dissolve much more rapidly, and the rapid breakdown of the sulphide enables the nickel to dissolve and thus to be leached out of the mineral. The dissolved nickel is extracted from the leaching acid e.g by electro-winning.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for removing small amounts of water and possible further constituents from alkali metal amalgam, wherein the alkali metal amalgam is brought into contact with an element which is insoluble in mercury and catalyzes the reaction of water with the alkali metal amalgam and the possible further constituents to form hydroxides and hydrogen.

Abstract: The invention provides articles of manufacture comprising biocompatible nanostructures comprising nanotubes and nanopores for, e.g., organ, tissue and/or cell growth, e.g., for bone, kidney or liver growth, and uses thereof, e.g., for in vitro testing, in vivo implants, including their use in making and using artificial organs, and related therapeutics. The invention provides lock-in nanostructures comprising a plurality of nanopores or nanotubes, wherein the nanopore or nanotube entrance has a smaller diameter or size than the rest (the interior) of the nanopore or nanotube. The invention also provides dual structured biomaterial comprising micro- or macro-pores and nanopores. The invention provides biomaterials having a surface comprising a plurality of enlarged diameter nanopores and/or nanotubes.

Abstract: A method of removing contaminants from a fuel cell catalyst electrode. The method includes providing a getter electrode and a fuel cell catalyst electrode having at least one contaminant to a bath and applying a voltage sufficient to drive the contaminant from the fuel cell catalyst electrode to the getter electrode. Methods of removing contaminants from a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell and of improving performance of a fuel cell are also provided.

Abstract: [Problems] A highly sensitive and accurate determination of a test substance is achieved without the need of complicated procedures. [Means for solving the Problems] The presence or absence or the concentration of a test substance 3 can be determined by gathering around the surface of a working electrode 1 metal microparticles 5 in an amount corresponding to the amount of the test substance 3 contained in a test solution, oxidizing the metal microparticles 5 electrochemically, measuring the value of a current produced by electrochemically reducing the oxidized metal, and determining the presence or absence or the concentration of the substance 3 based on the current value. It is preferred that the electrochemical oxidation of the metal microparticles 5 be conducted while maintaining the potential of the working electrode 1 at a value equal to a potential employed for the electrochemical oxidization of the metal microparticles 5.

Abstract: Provided is a titanium-nickel alloy improved in corrosion resistance due to the reduced Ni content in the surface layer. Since a film (modified layer) extremely reduced in Ni concentration compared to the interior can be formed on the surface of a titanium-nickel alloy, by applying electrolysis treatment in a properly controlled electrolytic solution, the corrosion resistance of the alloy is improved. Specific examples of the electrolytic solution may include a mixture of glycerol, lactic acid and water (H2O).

Abstract: A method for the regeneration of etching solutions containing iron for the use in etching or pickling copper or copper alloys and an apparatus for carrying out the method is described. The method involves feeding the etching solution to be regenerated from the etching system into an electrolysis cell being hermetically sealed or having an anode hood (8), the electrolysis cell comprising a cathode (1), an inert anode (2), means (3) for removing the electrolytically deposited copper from the cathode and means (4) for collecting the removed copper and applying a potential to the removed copper, wherein the electrolysis cell does not have an ion exchange membrane or a diaphragm.

Abstract: Provided is high purity tin or tin alloy wherein the respective contents of U and Th are 5 ppb or less, the respective contents of Pb and Bi are 1 ppm or less, and the purity is 5N or higher (provided that this excludes the gas components of O, C, N, H, S and P). This high purity tin or tin alloy is characterized in that the ? ray count of high purity tin having a cast structure is 0.001 cph/cm2 or less. Since recent semiconductor devices are densified and are of large capacity, there is considerable risk of a soft error occurring due to the influence of the ? ray from materials in the vicinity of the semiconductor chip. In particular, there are strong demands for purifying the soldering material or tin to be used in the vicinity of semiconductor devices, as well as for materials with fewer ? rays. Thus, the present invention aims to provide high purity tin or tin alloy and the manufacturing method of such high purity tin by reducing the ? dose of tin so as to be adaptable as the foregoing material.

Abstract: The invention concerns a surface treatment electrode (11) to treat at least one object (1). It comprises at least one cavity (23) enclosing the object (1) to be treated during the treatment, having a geometry ensuring free movement of the object (1), this cavity (23) being delimited by a wall (24) comprising at least one opening (25) communicating the inside of the cavity (23) with a treatment solution (5) in which the electrode (11) is immersed during the surface treatment. The cavity (23) is substantially cylindrical and its diameter is approximately 50 to 100 micrometers larger than a maximum size of the object (1).

Abstract: A cathode comprising an oxygen-containing compound, or a metal containing dissolved oxygen, is arranged in contact with a melt comprising a hydroxide of an alkali metal. An inert anode, advantageously comprising nickel, is also arranged in contact with the melt and a potential is applied between the anode and the cathode such that oxygen is removed from the compound or the metal.

Abstract: The object is to provide copper foil of high adhesion even when the roughness Rz of a nodular surface of the copper foil is low, and a method of manufacturing the copper foil. To achieve this object, there is adopted a copper foil which is characterized in that an area coefficient C(S), which is defined by A(S)/B(S) from a three-dimensional surface area A(S), which is obtained by performing three-dimensional measurement of a surface area of a nodular surface of a copper foil sample S under a laser microscope, and from a measuring region area B(S), which is an area of a measuring region of the three-dimensional surface area A(S), and a roughness Rz(S) of a nodular surface of the copper foil sample S, which is measured by a stylus-type roughness meter, have a relationship of equation (1) below, and in that the roughness Rz(S) is 1.0 ?m to 3.0 ?m, 0.5×Rz(S)+0.5?C(S) ??(1) where Rz(S) is a numerical value represented by ?m.

Abstract: A method of preparing a material surface, such as palladium, to facilitate desirable reactions, especially exothermic reactions in a liquid medium, involves placing the material whose surface is to be treated into an electrolytic cell as at least one of the electrodes and then concurrently stimulating the material electrically, vibrationally and photonically. The electrolytic cell includes a solution in water of an electrolyte, a siliceous surfactant and a pH-adjusting agent, all heated and maintained at or just below its boiling point. A series of voltage pulses are applied to the electrodes over an extended time period while also being illuminated with intensity-modulated light pulses. The material surface thus treated exhibits crater sites and silica coatings, evidencing a change in bonding of the palladium surface, as well as a sustained exothermic reaction.

Abstract: A method for separating a metal-resin joint including the steps of: (1) immersing an article including a metal-resin joint with a counter electrode in an alkaline solution; and (2) applying a voltage over a certain time period between the metal portion of the joint and the counter electrode such that the potential of the metal portion is lower than that of a standard hydrogen electrode.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including: a first substrate; a second substrate separated from the first substrate; and two or more electrode sheets facing each other and between the first and second substrates, each of the two or more electrode sheets including opening patterns to form discharge spaces, wherein each of the two or more electrode sheets includes: a plurality of discharge electrodes extending in a direction and surrounding at least a part of the discharge spaces, and having corners with round curved portions contacting the discharge spaces or adjacent to the discharge spaces; and an insulating member integrally formed between the discharge electrodes for supporting the discharge electrodes and for insulating the discharge electrodes from each other, and including an oxide of a metal used to form the discharge electrodes.

Abstract: A cathodic protection polymeric compound is disclosed. The compound has flowable material to serve as a binder, carbonaceous conductive media dispersed in the flowable material, sacrificial metal particles also dispersed in the flowable material. The carbonaceous conductive media serve as a carbon-based electron transfer agent and are in the form of particles, platelets, fibers, tubes, or combinations thereof. A galvanic circuit is formed by the metal particles serving as anodes, a metal substrate to be protected serving as the cathode, and the conductive media serving as the electron transfer agent. The flowable material can also include an ionically conductive or an inherently conductive polymer to further enhance the galvanic circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of in-situ monitoring a reduction process of uranium oxides by lithium metal, wherein a conversion yield of uranium metal from uranium oxides upon production of uranium metal through a reaction of uranium oxides (UOx, x?3) with lithium metal in the presence of a high-temperature molten salt is measured according to an electrochemical analysis based on an oxidation of an oxygen ion and a reduction of a lithium ion dissociated from lithium oxide obtained as a by-product of the reaction, by use of a measuring device composed of a potentiostat/galvanostat and a reactor provided with an anode and a cathode. The in-situ monitoring method of the current invention is advantageous in terms of fast and simplified measuring techniques, by directly measuring the reduction process of uranium oxides at the anode and cathode connected to the potentiostat/galvanostat in the presence of the high-temperature molten salt.

Abstract: A process for recovery of valuable metals from superalloys by electrochemical decomposition is described, both electrodes being formed by the superalloy and the polarity of the electrolysis current being reversed with a frequency of from 0.005 to 5 Hz.

Abstract: A method of electrochemically treating a substrate is provided comprising the steps of: (a) providing an electrolyte in contact with the substrate; (b) providing a device which faces the substrate and is in contact with the electrolyte, the device having: (i) a common first electrode arranged to define cells therein; and (ii) a plurality of individually addressable second electrodes, wherein a plurality of the cells contain individually addressable second electrodes; and (c) altering the potential of at least one of the second electrodes relative to the common first electrode so that: (i) the common first electrode generates a first redox product; and (ii) the at least one of the second electrodes generate a second redox product which is able to modify a region of the substrate facing the at least one electrodes, wherein the electrolyte is such that the second redox product is quenchable by the first redox product.