Abstract: A hydrocarbon feed pipe in a fluid catalytic cracking system includes a nozzle positioned in the upper section of the riser reactor pipe. This arrangement, together with one or more feed pipes at conventional locations in the riser reactor pipe, allows for feed segregation or feed splitting processes whereby different feed flow rates and/or compositions are fed to different points in the riser reactor pipe. Feed splitting/segregating processes provide for improved product yields and product properties.

Abstract: A fluid catalytic cracking unit equipped with multiple feed injection points along the length of the riser is operated such that all of the fresh feed is charged to one of different feed injection points, depending on the ratio of light distillate (gasoline) to middle distillate (light catalytic gas oil) that is desired in the product slate. When all of the fresh feed is charged to one of the upper injection points in the riser in order to increase middle distillate yield, the unconverted slurry oil (650.degree. F.+material) can be recycled to a location below the injection point of the fresh feed so as to increase conversion to middle distillate while lowering the activity of the catalyst (via coke deposition) for single pass conversion of the fresh feed. Steam in excess of levels typically employed for dispersion is used at the bottom of the riser to lift the regenerated catalyst up to the feed injection points.

Abstract: An improved hydrocarbon conversion catalyst consisting essentially of: (A) an intermediate pore size silicaceous crystalline molecular sieve component substantially free of any catalytic loading metal; and (B) a matrix consisting essentially of (a) a gel selected from silica-alumina, silica-alumina-titania and silica-alumina-zirconia polygels, and (b) a hydrogenating component; and a process using said catalyst.

Abstract: A process for upgrading oils is disclosed, in which the oil to be upgraded is contacted with liquid phase water and free oxygen at an elevated temperature and at a pressure sufficient to maintain at least part of the water in the liquid phase.

Abstract: Oil shale mineral solids are separated from a fluid in a process comprising heating the mineral solids to at least the magnetic transformation temperature of a portion of the solids and thereafter magnetically separating mineral solids from the feed. High gradient magnetic separation techniques are preferred.

Abstract: This invention is a process for liquefying coal in at least two stages, comprising(a) heating a slurry comprising a solid particulate coal, and an externally supplied dispersed dissolution catalyst in the presence of hydrogen in a first reaction zone to substantially dissolve the coal and provide a first effluent slurry having a normally liquid portion comprising solvent and dissolved coal and containing undissolved solids and dispersed dissolution catalyst; and(b) contacting at least a portion of said normally liquid portion containing undissolved solids and dispersed dissolution catalyst with hydrogen in a second reaction zone in the presence of a second externally supplied hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogenation conditions, including a temperature lower than the temperature to which said slurry is heated in step (a), to produce a second effluent slurry having a normally liquid portion.

Abstract: A heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil feed is hydrogenated in a one or two stage process by contacting the oil with hydrogen in the presence of added dispersed hydrogenation catalyst, suspended in the oil, and porous solid contact particles. In the two stage process, at least part of the normally liquid product from the first stage is hydrogenated in a catalytic hydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process subdivided coal is dissolved in a process derived solvent. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further cooled to precipitate unconverted heptane-insolubles prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from coal. More particularly, disclosed is a two-stage coal liquefaction process wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in a first non-catalytic dissolving stage at the temperature in the range 750.degree. to 900.degree. F. In a second stage, the mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst at a critical temperature below 800.degree. F. The normally liquid portion of the hydrocracker effluent product has a surprisingly low sulfur content of less than 0.1 weight percent, a low nitrogen content of less than 0.5 weight percent, and a high API gravity of at least -3.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering magnetic particles from a fluid stream is provided. The fluid is contacted with a ferromagnetic element to cause attraction and collection of the particles. The ferromagnetic element is then heated to a temperature near or above the Curie temperature of at least one of (1) the ferromagnetic element and (2) collected magnetic particles. The collected magnetic particles are then disengaged from the ferromagnetic element. Preferably the ferromagnetic element is disposed in an applied magnetic field and the heating is preferred by passing alternating electric current through the element thereby causing sufficient vibration to disengage the particles.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process sub-divided coal is dissolved in a process-derived solvent. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further subjected to treatment with an antisolvent to precipitate unconverted asphaltenes prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: Oil shale mineral solids are separated from a fluid such as retorted shale oil by heating the mineral solids to a temperature above about 480.degree. C. and above the magnetic transformation temperature of at least a portion of the solids. The temperature of the solids is maintained above 480.degree. C. for no longer than about one minute, and the solids are magnetically separated. High gradient magnetic separation techniques are preferred.

Abstract: A shaped catalyst and methods of use are provided. The catalyst has substantially the shape of a cylinder having a plurality of longitudinal channels extending radially from the circumference of the cylinder and defining protrusions therebetween, said protrusions having a maximum width greater than the maximum width of the channels.

Abstract: A method is provided for preparing a porous catalyst carrier having a pore volume of at least 0.5 cc/g, a content of micropores in which the pore diameter is between 80 and 150 A. which constitutes at least 70% of the pore volume and a content of macropores which constitutes less than 3% of the pore volume. In the method, a powdered solid comprised of predominantly alpha-alumina monohydrate and sized in the range below 500 microns is treated with a particular amount of a monobasic acid. The acid in the resulting mixture is then at least partially neutralized by admixing with a nitrogen base such as aqueous ammonia. The treated and neutralized feed is converted into a catalyst carrier by shaping as desired, drying, and calcining. Further aspects of the invention are a hydrodesulfurization catalyst prepared using the present carrier and a hydrodesulfurization process for metals-contaminated hydrocarbon feeds using the catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a three-stage process for liquefying coal. In the process, subdivided coal is slurried with a hydrogen-lean hydrogen-donor solvent and passed through a dissolving zone at a temperature in the range 400.degree. to 480.degree. C. and at a space velocity in the range 2 to 150 hrs..sup.-1 to substantially dissolve said coal. The effluent from the dissolver is stabilized with a hydrogen-rich hydrogen-donor solvent in a stabilization zone at a temperature in the range of 400.degree. to 440.degree. C. and at a space velocity in the range 1 to 12 hrs..sup.-1 to partially hydrogenate the dissolved coal. A portion of the effluent from the stabilizer is recycled for use as hydrogen-lean hydrogen-donor solvent and the remainder is passed to a catalytic reaction stage operating under hydrocracking conditions to produce the net product and hydrogen-rich hydrogen-donor solvent.

Abstract: An improved coal liquefaction process is disclosed wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a petroleum-derived solvent in the presence of added hydrogen in a non-catalytic dissolving stage at a temperature in the range 400.degree.-480.degree. C., thereby forming a mixture of dissolved coal, solvent and insoluble solids. The effluent mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids from the dissolver is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst under hydrocracking conditions at a reduced temperature below 425.degree. C., resulting in a product having a normally liquid portion which may be used directly as a low-sulfur, low-nitrogen fuel oil.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from coal. More particularly, disclosed is a two-stage coal liquefaction process wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in a first non-catalytic dissolving stage at the temperature in the range 750.degree. to 900.degree. F. In a second stage, the mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst at a critical temperature below 800.degree. F. The normally liquid portion of the hydrocracker effluent product has a surprisingly low sulfur content of less than 0.1 weight percent, a low nitrogen content of less than 0.5 weight percent, and a high API gravity of at least -3.

Abstract: An improved coal liquefaction process is disclosed wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a petroleum-derived solvent in the presence of added hydrogen in a non-catalytic dissolving stage at a temperature in the range 400.degree. to 480.degree. C., thereby forming a mixture of dissolved coal, solvent and insoluble solids. The effluent mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids from the dissolver is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst under hydrocracking conditions at a reduced temperature below 425.degree. C., resulting in a product having a normally liquid portion which may be used directly as a low-sulfur, low-nitrogen fuel oil.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from coal. More particularly, disclosed is a two-stage coal liquefaction process wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in a first non-catalytic dissolving stage at the temperature in the range 750.degree. to 900.degree. F. In a second stage, the mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst at a critical temperature below 800.degree. F. The normally liquid portion of the hydrocracker effluent product has a surprisingly low sulfur content of less than 0.1 weight percent, a low nitrogen content of less than 0.5 weight percent, and a high API gravity of at least -3.

Abstract: A shaped catalyst and methods of use are provided. The catalyst has substantially the shape of a cylinder having a plurality of longitudinal channels extending radially from the circumference of the cylinder and defining protrusions therebetween, said protrusions having a maximum width greater than the maximum width of the channels.