Abstract: The principle and some applications of multiphoton pumped upconverted lasers (MU-LASER) in complex molecules like said material is demonstrated. Weak linear absorption and strong multiphoton absorption and upconverted fluorescence of said material in the form of integrated waveguides is responsible for the MU-LASER action of upconverting narrow band infrared wavelength to visible spectrum of bandwidth.about.50 nm and peak at 570 nm. Applications in efficient upconversion of diode laser wavelengths, displays, and two types of surface-emitting MU-LASERs for high definition television (HDTV) are produced.

Abstract: An invention provides an arrangement for accomplishing three objects. The first is correcting distortions caused by probe geometry in probe microscope or profilometer data. The second is calculating apparent probe data from models. The third is deducing the shape of the probe tip from a standard or reference sample. The correction of distorted images data is done by mathematically placing one or more known or hypothetical tip surfaces at one or more points of the distorted image surface to provide a reconstructed surface, which is the envelope surface formed by all such tip surfaces. The calculation of probe microscope image data from one or more mathematical models of sample surfaces is done by mathematically placing one or more known or hypothetical inverted probe tip surface at one or more points on the mathematical model surface, and taking the image surface to be the envelope formed by all such tip surfaces.

Abstract: A displacement measuring method and device is disclosed in which speckle amplitude interferometry within a single speckle feature or a small number of features of a speckle pattern is used to achieve sub-fringe accuracy with a single detector and to measure displacement of the object under investigation with sub-wavelength accuracy at measurement speeds consistent with real-time control of manufacturing processes. The same technique applied to multiple spots on a sample with optical means for causing interference between different combinations of scattered fields, including fields from different illuminated spots, permits measurements of the total sample motion.

Abstract: In microelectronic processing, the method of producing complex, two-dimensional patterns on a photosensitive layer with dimensions in the extreme submicron range. A photosensitive layer is first exposed to two beams of coherent radiation to form an image of a first interference pattern on the surface of the layer. The layer is subsequently exposed to one or more interference pattern(s) that differ from the first interference pattern in some way, such as by varying the incident angle of the beams, the optical intensity, the periodicity, rotational orientation, translational position, by using complex amplitude or phase masks in one or both of the coherent beams, or a combination of the above. Desired regions of the complex pattern thus produced are isolated with a further exposure of the photosensitive layer using any conventional lithography.

Abstract: Filtered regenerative feedback is used to modulate a laser or other source of electromagnetic radiation to generate optical pulses whose amplitudes and repetition rates are continuously tunable. The technique is in principle applicable to any source of electromagnetic radiation and is especially effective for semiconductor diode lasers.

Abstract: The present invention provides an arrangement for analyzing or reconstructing incoming pulses of electromagnetic energy in which there is detected (a) the spectral amplitude of at least one pulse and (b) the phase shifts of portions of the pulse with respect to a non-phase shifted portion, and applying an inverse Fourier transform to the detected energy thereby producing the temporal profile of the pulse.

Abstract: In microelectronic manufacture, vertical interconnects in integrated circuits are made by the selective deposition of copper onto SiO.sub.2, which is controlled by reacting the SiO.sub.2 surface with chlorotrimethylsilane or dimethyldichlorosilane. These silanes interact with the surface hydroxyl groups to reduce the number of sites at which (hfac)Cu(VTMS) can adsorb and react, therefore providing selectivity.

Abstract: In the manufacture of microelectronic and optoelectronic circuitry, an arrangement for aligning submicrometer lithographic features on a wafer illuminating a diffraction grating on the wafer with an interferometrically established radiation intensity pattern having a predetermined relationship to the lithographic features in another level of the wafer that is to be exposed, the radiation diffracted from the illuminated grating forming moire interference pattern providing spatial amplification of the grating period for alignment purposes by the ratio of the moire fringe spacing to the grating period.

Abstract: Metal oxides are formed at low temperatures by the process of providing a class of divalent metal hydroxycarboxylates designed to react with metal alkoxide compounds such as B(OR').sub.4, where B=Ti, Zr, Sn and R'=an alkyl group with the elimination of two equivalents of alcohol to form species with integral or non-integral stoichiometry. The reaction produces an intermediate compound which after thermolysis at 350.degree. C. in O.sub.2, results in formation of crystalline perovskite phase materials of general formula ABO.sub.3, A.sub.x A'.sub.1-x BO.sub.3 and AB.sub.x B'.sub.1-x O.sub.3.

Abstract: An improved gas distribution scheme for a multi-wafer radially injected convergent horizontal epitaxial reactor which includes two outer distribution rings, an outer injection ring, an annular susceptor, and a central exhaust tube. The converging path of the gas stream from the outer injection ring into the central exhaust tube compensates for depletion of the reactant gases along the substrate. The injector ring has a large number of evenly spaced diffuser orifices that allow the gas to expand into the growth chamber in a laminar flow pattern. The design is compact, includes the possibility of water cooling of the quartz during deposition, and allows for a resistive bakeout furnace which can be used to etch and clean the reaction chamber between runs.

Abstract: A large second-order nonlinearity (.chi..sup.(2) .about.1 pm/V.about.0.2 .chi..sup.(2).sub.22 of LiNbO.sub.3) is induced in the near surface (.about.4 .mu.m) region of commercial fused silica optical flats by a temperature (250.degree.-325.degree. C.) and electric field (E.about.5.times.10.sup.4 V/cm) poling process. Once formed, the nonlinearity is roughly 10.sup.3 -10.sup.4 larger than that found in fiber second-harmonic experiments and is very stable at room temperature and laboratory ambient. The nonlinearity can be cycled by repeated depoling (temperature only) and repoling (temperature and electric field) processes.

Abstract: The invention provides an arrangement for reducing waveform errors such as errors in phase or amplitude in output pulses produced by pulsed power output devices such as klystrons by generating an error voltage representing the extent of error still present in the trailing edge of the previous output pulse, using the error voltage to provide a stored control voltage, and applying the stored control voltage to the pulsed power output device to limit the extent of error in the leading edge of the next output pulse.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for extinguishing burning metal or metal-involved fires by combining an extinguishant with the burning metal to form a resultant material. The resultant material may include an alloy and oxides of the burning material and the extinguishant and in any event forms a coating which is an adherent oxygen barrier. In one form of the invention, the extinguishant comprises mainly elemental copper in commercially available powder form. The extinguishant mixture may also include other material added to improve the deliverability, material flow, electrical resistance, moisture resistance or other characteristics.

Abstract: A resonant-periodic-gain distributed-feedback surface-emitting semiconductor laser has a resonator with an axis perpendicular to the plane of the substrate. The resonator comprises a stack of distributed feedback elements, each consisting of a spacer region and a very thin gain element positioned at an antinode of a standing wave inside the resonator at a designed wavelength. Each gain element consists of one or a group of closely spaced quantum-well layers. Each spacer, separating two adjacent gain elements, consists of two intermediate-and low-refractive-index layers, each layer of the spacer having an optical thickness approximately equal to a quarter of the designed wavelength. The refractive index of each of the gain elements is higher than that of the spacer materials. The device can be surrounded by a material of refractive index lower than all materials comprising the device for better confinement of carriers and control of guided modes of radiation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a deployable, continuously extendible and collapsible, closed or open ended, free standing or supported spatial structure comprising an array of spaced apart adjacent layers or tiers of pivotally connected criss-crossed bars with the bars in each layer being connected to each other in rows and columns and with rods coupling the layers together.

Abstract: A silica-alumina composition characterized by having an essentially closed pore surface as measurable by low surface area consisting essentially of a range of alumina by weight therein of from about 40% to about 50% and the remainder by weight, silica, the surface area of said composition being substantially less in magnitude than that for silica-alumina compositions having a percentage by weight of alumina essentially outside of said range, and further characterized by having a skeletal density for percentages of alumina by weight within a portion of said range substantially less than the skeletal density of silica-alumina compositions having a percentage by weight of alumina substantially outside said portion of said range.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and means for detecting and giving warning of a predetermined status of cordage through the change of a warning element from one condition to a different condition in response to a change in the status of the cordage.

Abstract: An arrangement for prolonging the useful life of an electrochemical refillable implantable glucose sensor employing an enzyme material such as glucose oxidase immobilized on bulk particulate matter suspended in a fluid for reaction with components of bodily fluids and which enzyme material when exhausted or degraded after reaction may be replaced by fresh enzyme-loaded particles.

Abstract: The invention provides a position sensor for detecting relative displacement between two elements, and includes an optical beam-producing source fixed to one of the elements, a semiconductor body fixed to a second element and arranged so that the beams impinge one surface of the semiconductor body, a planar sensor composed of a back-to-back diode photodetector positioned on the semiconductor surface, and readout means to monitor current generated by the sensor which gives a measure of the relative position between the element to which the semiconductor body is affixed.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to two embodiments for passive and one embodiment for active mode locking of lasers. The passive systems comprise a GaAs/GaAlAs diode laser (810 nm) pumped Nd:YAG (1964 nm) laser sharing the same optical cavity. A KTP crystal is used to produce a sum of the frequencies of the diode and Nd:YAG laser (460 nm). The KTP crystal and trichroic mirror (with a reflectivity at 810 nm less than the reflectivity at the other two wavelengths) combine to create an effective end mirror reflectivity which increases in accordance with the intensity of the pump laser wavelength (810 nm) to mode lock the system. The active embodiment uses successive sum and difference frequency generation to modulate the reflectivity of a cavity output coupling mirror in a continuous wave dye laser or external cavity diode laser.