Abstract: A motor driving apparatus which includes a pair of field-effect transistors connected in series between a first supply voltage and a second supply voltage lower than the first supply voltage, an output smoothing circuit connected to a node between the two field-effect transistors, a driver for controlling on/off states of the field-effect transistors according to an input signal, and a detector for detecting on/off states of body diodes attached respectively to the field-effect transistors. Only after either of the body diodes is detected being on are the field-effect transistors respectively turned on to produce an output corresponding to the input signal so as to eventually produce a desired output voltage from the first supply voltage.

Abstract: An air flow sensor failure determination apparatus for determining a failure of an air flow sensor for an internal combustion engine in which an air flow sensor, a throttle and a pressure sensor disposed downstream of the throttle are provided in an air induction passage, the air flow sensor failure determination apparatus comprising a first calculating unit for calculating a first induction air volume based on an output signal from the air flow sensor, a second calculating unit for calculating a second induction air volume based on an output from the pressure sensor, and a determination unit for determining a failure of the air flow sensor based on a comparison between the first induction air volume and the second induction air volume.

Abstract: Fluoroelastomeric compositions comprising: A) a fluoroelastomeric matrix based on vinylidene fluoride (VDF); B) a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer, in an amount from >40% to 90% by weight based on the total of A)+B), comprising a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer core coated by a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer shell containing bromine and/or iodine in the polymer chain; the fluoroelastomer A) incorporates the fluoropolymer B), the fluoropolymer B) being formed by tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) homopolymers, or by TFE copolymers with one or more monomers containing at least one unsaturation of ethylene type, the average sizes of the semi-crystalline fluoropolymer particles being from 10 to 100 nm, preferably from 10 to 60 nm.