Abstract: Described is a process for determining excitants, attractants and incitants for members of the Procambrus clarkii species of the Class Crustacea.

Abstract: Described is a process for determining excitants, attractants, incitants and stimulants for members of the Penaeus genus of the Class Crustacea including but not limited to Penaeus setiferus, Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus vannamei, as well as apparatus for carrying out such process. The apparatus for carrying out the process includes static tank means, flow-through tank means and Y-maze means each equipped with variable-focus camera means taken alone or in combination with one another. The variable-focus camera means platform is also described and is part of our invention. Also described is a method for exciting and/or attracting and/or stimulating and/or inciting members of the Penaeus genus of the Class Crustacea including but not limited to Penaeus setiferus, Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus vannamei (referred to collectively as Penaeus spp.

Abstract: A toroidal manifold sparger having a hollow toroid member with an upper portion and a lower portion and having a plurality of first openings substantially evenly spaced along the lower portion thereof and all oriented perpendicular to the upper portion in a first and vertically downward direction, a plurality of second openings substantially evenly spaced along the lower portion of the toroid member and all oriented in a second direction, the first openings and the second openings being spaced apart from each other, each of the openings having a trajectory such that the trajectory of all of the first openings is parallel to each other and in a downward direction, and the second openings having a trajectory that radially inwardly converges in a downward direction, the first and second openings being the only openings in the lower portion, the toroid member being suspended from the upper portion.

Abstract: Processes and compositions are described for the use in tobacco flavor and aroma augmenting and enhancing compositions and as tobacco aroma and flavor augmenting, imparting and enhancing materials of one or more alkyl side chain methyl unsubstituted 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-vinyl alkanoates (hereinafter referred to as "enol esters") having the generic structure: ##STR1## (which structure is intended to cover both the "cis" and the "trans" isomers thereof) wherein R.sub.1 is straight chain alkyl having 1, 3, 7 or 11 carbon atoms.

Abstract: 3-Furyl beta-chalcogenalkyl sulfides having the structure: ##SPC1##Wherein X is a chalcogen selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur; R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each selected from the group consisting of methyl and hydrogen, at least one of R.sub.2 or R.sub.3 being methyl; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, taken separately, are each methyl, or R.sub.4 and R.sub.

Abstract: A method for producing mixtures containing greater than 50% cis 2-methyl-3-pentenoic acid comprising first reacting methyl acetylene with a methyl magnesium halide to form a methylacetylene magnesium halide Grignard reagent; then reacting the methyl acetylene magnesium halide Grignard reagent with acetaldehyde to form a 3-pentyn-2-ol magnesium halide salt; then hydrolyzing the magnesium halide salt to form 3-pentyn-2-ol; then halogenating the 3-pentyn-2-ol to form a 4-halo-2-pentyne; then reacting magnesium with the 4-halo-2-pentyne to produce a 4-magnesium halo-2-pentyne Grignard reagent; then reacting the 4-magnesium halo-2-pentyne Grignard reagent with carbon dioxide to form a magnesium halo-carboxylate salt mixture of compounds having the structures: ##EQU1## (wherein X is halogen); then hydrolyzing the magnesium halo-carboxylate salt mixture to form a mixture of carboxylic acids having the structures: ##EQU2## then hydrogenating the aforementioned mixture of carboxylic acids to form a mixture containing

Abstract: Process for producing 3-thia substituted alkane 1,4 diones comprising the steps of:I. Providing a 2-ene-1,4 dione having the structure: ##SPC1##Ii. Intimately admixing said 2-ene-1,4 dione with a sulfur compound having the formula:R.sub.3 SHthereby providing a substituted or sunsubstituted 2-thia substituted alkane 1,4 dione having the structure: ##SPC2##WhereinR.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of acyl and royl, wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl; and wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.4 and r.sub.6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; wherein when R.sub.1 is hydrogen, the reaction (ii) is carried out in the presence of an organic base; and wherein when R.sub.1 is lower alkyl, the reaction (ii) is carried out in the absence of catalyst. Examples of such organic bases are piperidine, pyridine, triethyl amine, quinoline or alpha-picoline.

Abstract: Methods for producing cis-alkyl-2-methyl-3-pentenoates and isomeric mixtures containing high proportions (greater than 50%) of cis C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkyl-2-methyl-3-pentenoates.