Abstract: An anode for use in electrowinning molten metal from a fused salt bath, e.g., aluminium from cryolite-alumina, consists of a cermet material formed from a ceramic oxide of, e.g., a ferrite or chromite, and a metal, e.g.

Abstract: Photoactive n-type and p-type semiconductor film electrodes utilizable in photoassisted reactions in photoelectrochemical cells and/or photovoltaic cells comprising a true solid/solid solution of a specific composition of non-oxide metal compounds which when fired produce a photoactive true solid/solid solution of mixed metal oxides providing an effective band gap and/or optical response optimally matched to the part of the energy spectrum desired for a particular utilization. The photoactive semiconductor film electrodes have a film layer of true solid/solid solution mixed metal oxide disposed upon a suitable substrate in either one or more coats.

Abstract: A device for the simultaneous conversion of light energy into electrical energy and thermal energy utilizing a liquid-junction semiconductor photocell (PEC) utilizing a novel photoactive true solid/solid solution semiconductor mixed metal oxide material electrode so as to adjust the band gap and/or optical response properties of the electrode to be more closely attuned to the major output portion of the solar spectrum as well as lowering the cost of production and being environmentally sound.

Abstract: Chromic acid is now efficiently prepared in a process using dichromate, such as the dichromate typically available as an intermediate in the chromic acid production from chrome ore. In the process, the dichromate is introduced into the center compartment of a three-compartment electrolytic cell and dichromate-containing center compartment electrolyte flows through a porous diaphragm into the anode compartment of the cell. Electrolyte is introduced to the cell cathode compartment which is separated from the center compartment by a substantially hydraulically impermeable cation-exchange membrane means. During electrolysis, chromic acid is prepared in the anolyte and alkali product is produced in the catholyte.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for metal degreasing or metal phosphatizing that utilizes a low boiling point solvent. The apparatus comprises a vessel defining a reservoir of solvent and a zone of solvent vapor above the reservoir, and an external heat pump system having a heat-emitting section and a heat-absorbing section to provide the necessary heating and cooling for the vessel. Intermediate heat transfer fluid loops transmit heat between the vessel and the heat pump, and include reservoirs to inhibit the loss of thermal balance in the heat pump. Coolant fluid is circulated through the solvent reservoir to inhibit solvent evaporation when the apparatus is not being used.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of urethanes by the reaction of aromatic nitro compounds with alcohols and carbon monoxide in the presence of catalyst systems which contain selenium.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to novel heterocyclic nylon-1 linear polymers comprising regularly recurring structural units having the general formula: ##STR1## where R can be hydrogen or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of said R's being an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and wherein said polymers contain from 2 to 100 of said recurring structural units. The instant invention also relates to a novel process for the production of said polymers by reacting certain specified cycloaliphatic diisocyanates in the presence of specified catalysts.

Abstract: This invention relates to mixtures, in the form of relatively low viscosity liquids at room temperature, of formose, aldehydes and/or ketones aldolated in the .alpha.-position and, optionally, water and/or crystalline mono- or di-saccharides, and to the use of these mixtures for the production of polyurethane plastics, particularly foams.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for the production of urethanes (i.e. carbamic acid esters) by reacting organic nitro compounds with carbon monoxide and organic compounds containing at least one hydroxy group in the presence of a unique catalyst system. The catalyst system consists of palladium or a palladium compound and iron oxychloride or a mixture of iron compounds containing iron oxychloride.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of a mixture of various low molecular weight hydroxyaldehydes, hydroxyketones and polyhydric alcohols by the condensation of formaldehyde with itself. The essential feature of the improvement is that unpurified synthesis gases of the kind obtained from the large scale industrial production of formaldehyde can be used directly as the source of formaldehyde.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a novel catalyst system for the production of polyurethane resin, and the method of use of such catalyst system. The catalyst systems of the instant invention broadly comprise(a) a tertiary amine,(b) a tin compound capable of catalyzing the reaction between an isocyanate group and an active hydrogen atom, and(c) a compound of the formula:(R-COO--.sub.2 Mewherein Me represents calcium or barium, andR represents a hydrocarbon group. It has been found that the component (c) tends to catalyze side reactions which occur during foaming between isocyanate groups and the initial reaction products of isocyanates and active hydrogen containing compounds.