Abstract: A patient (10) having cardiocirculatory arrest is resuscitated using a supple band (12) that is passed around the thorax (14). The thorax is clasped at its side portions, for example, between contoured band-guide assemblies (16 and 18), one (16) being fixed and the other (18) adapted for traversing movement. The band is guided, as by the assemblies (16 and 18), over the clasped portions of the thorax so that a tautening of the band exerts the clasping action and produces force components (62, 64, 66, 68) directed inwardly of the thorax around a major portion of its periphery. The band is alternately tautened and loosened, for example, using a pull roller (72) driven manually through a torque-measuring wrench handle (110) or by a motor device (170). The tautness of the band may be limited as by an adjustable mechanical stop arrangement (128, 130, 132).

Abstract: A traveling mat (10) of glass fibers that have been coated with a resinous binder is measured so as to determine quantitatively the mass of binder per unit area of the mat, by directing into the traveling mat gamma rays (26) from a first radiation source (28) comprising americium-241 isotope, also directing into the traveling mat isotopic X-rays (30) from a second radiation source (32) comprising curium-244 isotope, detecting (at 22) the gamma rays from the traveling mat to produce a first response (R.sub.A), detecting (at 24) the isotopic X-rays from the traveling mat to produce a second response (R.sub.C) and forming (at 48) a combination of the first and second responses so as to produce a third response (B) that is indicative of the mass of the binder and substantially independent of the mass of the glass fibers.

Abstract: The degree of cure of a traveling carbonaceous polymeric material (on 48), formed (at 34) from a plurality of chemical reactants (32) and subjected to a curing process (at 42 and 44) is determined by directing (with 86 and 88) into the traveling material radiations including a first infrared radiation (A1) from the group thereof adapted to selectively interact with molecular resonance vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of respective terminal functional groups of atoms involved in reactions that take place in the material during the curing process. Also directed into the material is a second infrared radiation that is either of the kind (R) that does not exhibit substantial selective interaction with molecular resonance vibrations in the material or of the kind (A2) that is adapted to selectively interact with molecular resonance vibrations at a frequency that is characteristic of groups of atoms forming the backbones of the polymeric molecules in the material.

Abstract: The moisture in paper is measured using a first set of infrared radiation wavelengths that have about the same absorption coefficients for the fiber constitutent of the paper but have substantially different absorption coefficients for the moisture contained in the paper, and a second set of infrared wavelengths that have about the same absorption coefficients for the moisture contained in the paper but have substantially different absorption coefficients for the fiber constituent, both sets of infrared radiation wavelengths being affected to about the same extent by a variable scattering characteristic of the fiber and are also affected to about the same extent by the variable amount of a broadband absorber such as carbon in the paper.

Abstract: For measuring a property such as caliper of a traveling sheet, a sensor body and a target body are located on opposite sides of the sheet and constrained (e.g., by gas bearings) along a sensor path intersecting the path of the sheet. Gas bearings maintain these bodies at, substantially constant distances from the opposite surfaces of the sheet while permitting them to move in response to the position and thickness of the sheet. An active sensor element aboard the sensor body and a passive sensor element aboard the target body interact through the sheet to produce aboard the sensor body a response dependent on the sheet property. Manifestations of this response, such as light beam modulations, are produced, without solid bodily connections, at a location spaced from the sensor body where the manifestations are detected to produce a sheet property-indicative signal.

Abstract: A device for control of the slice opening of a slice on a headbox contains several jackscrews that are distributed along and act against the control lip of the slice. A first carriage is moveable along a first track that is parallel to the row of jackscrews. A second carriage runs on a track on the first carriage in direction across the first track. The second carriage contains a drive motor that has a gripping device. By means of control devices and driving devices, the carriages are controlled so that the gripper in sequential order can mate with the drive shaft ends of the jackscrews for adjustment of the profile of the control lip and distance from the fixed slice lip by means of the drive motor.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for sensing a property of a sheet (18). A sensor element (32) is adapted to be placed alongside the sheet path, and a base member (34) is adapted to be positioned on one side of the sheet and in sliding contact with one surface thereof. The sensor element is enabled to produce a sheet property sensing interaction with the sheet in a limited region of the sheet path, the interaction region being movable to any one of a plurality of sensing locations spaced across the width of the sheet. The base member has a pair of groove portions (44, 46) forming gas conducting channels with open sides exposed to the sheet surface in contact with the base member. Each of the groove portions has a part (40, 40A) extending upstream of the interaction region. The groove portions diverge from each other as they extend in a downstream (20) direction.

Abstract: A gauging apparatus for sheet materials and the like comprises a surface follower body (14,20,30) adapted to be constrained without substantial solid bodily contact and guided (e.g., by gas bearings between 32 and 36 and 38) for movement along a surface follower path that intersects the path of a traveling sheet (10) to be gauged. The body has a passage (46) adapted to carry a flow of pressurized gas to be discharged against one surface of the sheet. The discharge of the gas is effective when the body is at a predetermined distance from the surface to generate a levitating force (on 20) urging the body away from the sheet surface. Means (70,64,62) responsive to the pressure of the gas in the passage exerts on the body (at 64) a counteracting force that tends to move the body closer to the surface.

Abstract: An apparatus such as a caliper gauge can be utilized in performing a measurement, such as a thickness measurement, of a traveling sheet or the like. The apparatus comprises a surface follower body (18, 72, 74) adapted to be constrained during the measurement for movement along a surface follower path intersecting the path of the sheet (10, 80) and urged by a force toward one surface of the sheet. The body has a gas confining wall (32a, 90, 104) bounded by a uniformly distributed pressurized gas supply aperture or apertures (46, 92, 106) for pressurizing a gas bearing region (48, 108, 110) contiguous to the sheet surface with sufficient pressure against the sheet and the wall to levitate the body against the urging force. The pressurization is effected without producing substantial amounts of high velocity gas flow over the surface of the sheet within the gas bearing region.

Abstract: Methods and devices are disclosed for generating acoustic pulses in a water or land medium, e.g., for use in seismic investigations. The pulse amplitudes, waveshapes, and frequencies can be controlled by signals that may originate at a remote location. Compressed gas is confined at high pressure in a valve chamber (12, 194). An initiating signal causes the opening of a passage (54, 56, 192) from the chamber into the medium to initiate the rise of a pressure pulse therein. A second signal causes the closing of the passage in a manner such that the initial rise of the pressure pulse is limited by the closure of the passage. In one device, the passage is opened by one sleeve valve member (60) and closed by another sleeve valve member (58). In another device the passage is opened by a sleeve valve member (196) whose motion to open the passage is arrested substantially instantaneously by transferring its momentum to a momentum exchange sleeve (246) that is then gradually decelerated.

Abstract: In a two-stage apparatus for burning a fuel and a combustion-sustaining gas such as air, the first stage (12) comprises pulse combustors (16) supplied with an excess of fuel. The excess fuel is burned in a second combustion stage (14) with gas that is aspirated using the backflow through the aerodynamic valve inlet (20) of the pulse combustor and delivered, e.g. via a duct (40), to the second combustion stage. Heat is extracted from the first stage using a heat-transfer medium (46) such as water. Heat is also extracted from the combustion products of the second stage to produce substantially cooled combustion products, a portion of which recirculates, e.g. through the ducts (54) and (58) and an aerodynamic valve (60), to each pulse combustor. The rest of the cooled combustion products are exhausted, e.g. at (64), with only a low content of objectionable compounds formed from nitrogen in the fuel and the combustion-sustaining gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a property of a material (10) utilizes a source (28) of measuring radiation and reference radiation, a measuring information channel including a detector (30) for the measuring radiation, and a reference information channel including a detector (32) for the reference radiation. A channel-monitoring radiation is also produce. In a standardizing mode, a monitor-standardization response (M.sub.11 or R.sub.11) is derived from each of the two channels while passing monitoring radiation to both detectors and a source-standardization response (M.sub.12 or R.sub.12) is derived from each of the two channels while passing measuring radiation to the measuring detector and passing reference radiation to the reference detector. In an operating mode, an operation-monitoring response (M.sub.21 or R.sub.21) is derived from each of the two channels while passing monitoring radiation to both detectors and a material-condition response (M.sub.22 or R.sub.

Abstract: A process for treating solid particles (66) of a raw carbonaceous fuel (62) such as coal having an original sulfur content comprises producing (at 68) a slurry (74) of a quantity of the raw fuel particles and a liquid medium (70) comprising water, at least one alkali metal compound including a substantial amount of sodium or potassium sulfide or polysulfide or a combination thereof, and a catalytic agent (72) comprising calcium or magnesium oxide or carbonate, or dolomite. The slurry is subjected (in 78) for an effective period of time to elevated temperature and pressure effective with the alkali metal compounds and water to cause the medium to penetrate the microscopic structure of the particles and to chemically and physically incorporate a substantial amount of the catalytic agent into the structure. The readily separable medium is separated (at 84) from the fuel particles and the particles are washed (at 84,106) to produce a particulate fuel product (88,110) containing the incorporated catalytic agent.

Abstract: A radiant energy method and apparatus is used to determine a property such as thickness or weight per unit area of a material (14 or 40 or 170 or 238), e.g., a sheet, that is located or moving generally in a predetermined spatial relation to a first reference position (16a or 40a or 56a). A second reference position (22, 56 or 230) is defined. A sensor means (18 or 44; or 102, 112, 106 and 108; or 150, 154 and 158; or 214 and 216; or 236, 242 and 244) responds to a condition of the material. The relation of the sensor response to the material property is susceptible to change with changes in the distance relationship of the sensor means and one of the reference positions or the material. There is produced a distance response (26 or D.sub.2 (x) or 110 and 110 ' or .tau..sub.1 and .tau.'.sub.1 or D.sub.2 (.tau.) or D.sub.2 or 236, 236' or 258, 258') to changes in the distance from the sensor means to one of the reference positions. The distance response is systematically related (e.g.

Abstract: A radiation device, such as an instrument for gauging a property of moving sheet materials, has a surface including window means in the path of radiation affecting the output of a radiation detector. The radiation transmission characteristics of the portion of the radiation path including the window means are maintained substantially constant so as to reduce the probability of error in the detector output response resulting from the presence of an unpredictable amount of extraneous radiation-absorbing or scattering material in the path or at the window means. A jet of fluid, such as compressed air, is formed in a manner such that the jet is attached to the surface by implementation of the Coanda effect and directed to flow over the window means. Typically the jet is initially directed away from the portion of the surface adjoining the window means.

Abstract: Fine particles of a solid carbonaceous fuel of the coal or coke type are treated to reduce their content of undesired constituents at least including sulfur or ash or both. The treatment comprises forming a mixture of the fuel particles with a liquid aqueous leaching solution, containing one or more cations selected from Groups IA and IIA of the periodic table, which is effective to dissolve the undesired constituents. The mixture is exposed to temperatures in the range of about 150.degree. to 375.degree. C under a pressure of at least the autogeneous steam pressure until the solution has dissolved the undesired constituents of the fuel to such an extent that the undesired constituent content of the fuel particles has been reduced to less than a desired limit.

Abstract: A method of treating fine particles of solid carbonaceous fuel of the coal or coke type that comprises mixing the fuel particles with a liquid aqueous solution comprising essentially (a) sodium, potassium, or lithium hydroxide together with (b) calcium, magnesium, or barium hydroxide or carbonate, or a plurality thereof, with a ratio of (a) to the fuel of about 0.04 to 0.70 (typically 0.10 to 0.35) by weight, a ratio of (b) to the fuel of about 0.02 to 0.30 (typically 0.08 to 0.20) by weight, and a ratio of water to the fuel of about 1 to 10 (typically 2 to 5) by weight; heating the resulting mixture, at an elevated pressure, to a temperature of about 150.degree. to 375.degree. C (typically 175.degree. to 300.degree. C) in such a manner as to improve the usefulness of the fuel particles; and cooling to below about 100.degree. C. The cooled mixture either is dried or filtered to separate the fuel particles from the solution, the particles then being washed and dried.

Abstract: A method of operating a fluidized bed system, typically as a combustor system for power or steam generation by burning high-sulfur coal, which comprises forming an entrained fluidized bed in a first space region containg a first solid bed particle component, such as a hematite ore containing over 90% Fe.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for gauging the thickness or other property of a plastic film such as blown film or other material having a front side, a back side, and characteristics including a substantial transparency to radiation at a reference wavelength and a degree of transparency depending on the value of the property at an absorption wavelength. These methods and apparatus provide a useful measurement of the material property in the presence or absence of detrimental effects such as those caused by a broadband absorbing substance (e.g. carbon black) or scattering substance (e.g. TiO.sub.2) in the material, or variations in the apparent reflectivity of one or both of the surfaces on the front and back sides, as a result, for example, of the minute surface irregularities in high-density polyethylene.

Abstract: A method of extracting a substantial proportion of the pyritic, organic, and sulfate sulfur compounds and ash present in a solid carbonaceous fuel of the coal or coke type comprising mixing the fuel with an aqueous alkaline solution containing a sodium, calcium, or ammonium carbonate, hydroxide, sulfide, or hydrosulfide, or a plurality thereof, heating the resulting mixture to at least about 125.degree. C at a pressure of at least about 25 psig to leach out the sulfur compounds and ash, separating the easily removable leached out materials from the remainder of the fuel, and washing said remainder of the fuel. The concentration of alkali in the solution typically is about 1 to 35 percent by weight, and the mixture typically is heated for at least about 5 minutes at about 350.degree. C, about 1 hour at 300.degree. C, about 2 hours at 250.degree. C, about 4 hours at 200.degree. C, about 10 hours at about 125.degree.