Abstract: Fluoroalkyl-substituted maleic anhydride polymers, substrates treated therewith, and to novel processes for preparing and using the same. The polymers can be prepared by reacting: (1) terminally unsaturated alkenylamines or alcohols (e.g. allyl amine or alcohol, or diallyl amine) with maleic anhydride polymers, and (2) the resulting polymeric amides or esters with fluoroalkyl iodides in the presence of a free radical initiator. Dehydroiodination of the resulting product with base yields novel polymeric products which provide oil- and water-repellency as well as soil-resistance when applied to substrates, particularly nylon fibers.

Abstract: Process for hydraulically guiding a layer of gellable grout solution (containing water-soluble Al or Fe salts, alkali metal silicates, or silica sols) to form a sealed confining layer beneath or around a contaminated zone beneath the water table which prevents both lateral and down-ward movement of contaminants or contaminated water.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel secondary diamine compounds which can be represented by the general formula:R.sup.1 (R.sup.2)HCHN-A-NHCH(R.sup.2)R.sup.1wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different substituent comprising C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 wherein n=1 to 6, and A is a branched-chain divalent saturated aliphatic radical containing 4 to 7 carbon atoms, particularly 1,5-diisopropyl-amino-2-methylpentane. It relates also to compositions containing said compounds which are useful for stabilizing hydrocarbon distillate fuel oils, hydrocarbon distillate fuel oils stabilized therewith, and to processes for stabilizing such oils.

Abstract: Processes and compositions which at the same time impart resistance to staining of polyamide substrates caused by acid dyes and improved durability to shampooing and resistance to yellowing caused by exposure to UV and/or NO.sub.x, whereby the stain-resist performance of hydrolyzed maleic anhydride copolymers can be dramatically improved either by co-applying the stain with a water-dispersed epoxy resin or by post-treatment of the stain-resist-treated polyamide fiber substrate with a water-dispersed epoxy resin.

Abstract: Process for imparting to polyamide substrates resistance to staining by acid dyes which is durable to shampooing and resistance to yellowing caused by exposure to UV and/or NO.sub.x, comprising applying to said substrate (A) one or more epoxy resins and (B) a polymeric stain-resist agent consisting essentially of (i) copolymers containing more than 75 weight percent methacrylic acid and less than 25 weight percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, or (ii) polymers prepared by polymerizing (a) methacrylic acid or (b) mixtures of methacrylic acid and one or more other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, in the presence of a sulfonated hydroxyaromatic-formaldehyde condensation product.

Abstract: A polyamide fibrous substrate having deposited on it an amount of a composition effective to impart stain-resistance comprising a water-soluble or water-dispersible maleic anhydride/allyl ether or vinyl ether polymer or a mixture of said polymers, and processes for preparing the substates. The maleic anhydride polymer is used either in hydrolyzed form.

Abstract: Lower homologue perfluoroalkylethyl (meth)acrylates copolymerized with vinylidene chloride and alkyl (meth)acrylates; optionally with N-methylolacrylamide, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and/or alkyloxy (meth)acrylates, impart high levels of water-, alcohol- and oil-repellency to fabrics under mild conditions.

Abstract: This invention resides in a process for production of predominantly a 1,4-O-metallation product of a hydride of silicon, germanium, or tin with an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compound. The reaction involved takes place in the presence of a heterogeneous noncomplexed rhodium-containing catalyst. This invention also resides in 1,4-O-metallation compositions having perfluoroalkyl R groups on either side of the C.dbd.C bond of an enol ether or on the acetal side of the C.dbd.C bond of a ketene acetal.

Abstract: Process for preparing 2-(4'-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole (generic name: thiabendazole) by the acid-catalyzed condensation of o-phenylenediamine and 4-cyanothiazole using as a solvent polar organic compounds in which the reactants, catalysts and impurities are soluble, and the product, thiabendazole, is substantially insoluble.

Abstract: Process for preparing 2-(4-thiazolyl)-1H-benzimidazole (generic name: thiabendazole) by the acid-catalyzed condensation of o-phenyldiamine and 4-cyanothiazole in solution in water or mixtures of water with miscible co-solvents (solvents which upon mixing with water in all proportions form a homogeneous mixture, as well as, other partially miscible solvents which upon mixing with water in some proportions form a homogeneous mixture under the reaction conditions of the process of this invention).

Abstract: The invention relates to fluorotelomers, their synthesis by free radical-initiated telomerization of fluoroalkenes (e.g. TFE) in which hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's) are used both as telogens and as solvents, and dispersions of the fluorotelomers in HFC's. The fluorotelomers are normally solid, essentially non-distillable and highly crystalline, and their dispersions exhibit excellent lubricant properties and stability under normal usage and have a negligible impact on the environment compared to conventional telomer dispersions.

Abstract: Treatment of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols with acid catalysts at elevated temperatures leads to a chain coupling with rapid increase in molecular weight. Various alcohols including diols and triols can be incorporated into poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol backbone with modified properties and performance.

Abstract: Polyether glycols, especially poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG) having a narrow molecular weight distribution of about 1.90 to 2.07, or dispersity of 1.50 to 1.90, are made by a process wherein the low molecular weight fraction in unit operations using at least one short-path distillation evaporator. In these units, PTMEG is subjected to temperatures in the range of 150.degree.-190.degree.C. with the hold-up time varying between 10-200 seconds. The required vacuum to force the separation of the low molecular weight PTMEG varies between 0.001 mm and 1.0 mbar. PTMEG residue from the distillation unit is also characterized by its low water content and low concentration of oligomeric cyclic ethers.

Abstract: Water-soluble N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-glycine/metal chelates represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is H or alkyl (1-12C); M is Ti or Zr; k is a number in the range between 0 and 1, p is a number in the range between 1 and 2, and k+p=2 (in particular embodiments: k=1 and p=1; k=0 and p=2; and k=0.5 and p=1.5). The chelates can be used as cross-linking agents in hydraulic fracturing fluids and in gels that are used for selectively plugging permeable zones in subterranean formations or for plugging subterranean leaks.

Abstract: A continuous process for florinating haloalkanes containing at least one nonfluorine halogen atom wherein antimony pentachloride is reacted with HF to produce an antimony (V) chlorofluoride and HCl is removed. The antimony chlorofluoride thus produced is then transferred to a separate reaction zone where it is reacted with the haloalkane, thereby replacing a portion of the nonfluorine halogen in the haloalkane with fluorine of the antimony (V) chlorofluoride.

Abstract: A water-soluble zirconium chelate formed from a tetraalkyl zirconate and hydroxyethyl-tris-(hydroxypropyl) ethylene diamine, and use of the chelate as cross-linking agents in hydraulic fracturing fluids and in gels that are used for selectively plugging permeable zones in subterranean formations or for plugging subterranean leaks.

Abstract: Stain-resistant compositions comprising sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde condensation products and polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, polyamide textile substrates treated with the same, and processes for their preparation. The stain-resistant compositions and substrates possess improved stain resistance but do not suffer from yellowing to the extent that previously known materials do.

Abstract: Process for preparing 2-alkyl-1,4-butanediols and mixtures with 1,4-butanediol which comprises bringing together, at an initial alkaline pH, and at a temperature and pressure suitable for reaction, a mixture of 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and/or its cyclic acetal, 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, hydrogen, an unsubstituted aliphatic aldehyde, especially formaldehyde, and a hydrogenation catalyst. Also processes for preparing mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and 3-alkyltetrahydrofuran from the diol mixtures, and copolymers from the tetrahydrofuran mixtures.

Abstract: An improved three stage process for preparing agglomerates of spheroidal masses of malachite crystals in which the formation of pH gradients during addition of ingredients to the third stage is avoided.

Abstract: Process for preparing 2-alkyl-1,4-butanediols and mixtures with 1,4-butanediol which comprises bringing together, at an initial alkaline pH, and at a temperature and pressure suitable for reaction, 2,3-dihydrofuran, hydrogen, an unsubstituted aliphatic aldehyde, especially formaldehyde, and a hydrogenation catalyst. Also processes for preparing mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and 3-alkyltetrahydrofuran from the diol mixtures, and copolymers from the tetrahydrofuran mixtures.