Abstract: Lithographic patterning methods involve the formation of a (one or more) metal oxide capping layer, which is rinsed with an aqueous alkaline solution as part of the method. The rinse solution does not damage the capping layer, but rather allows for lithographic processing without thinning the capping layer or introducing defects into it. Ammoniated water is a preferred rinse solution, which advantageously leaves behind no nonvolatile residue.

Abstract: Nitrogen-doped MgO insulating layers exhibit voltage controlled resistance states, e.g., a high resistance and a low resistance state. Patterned nano-devices on the 100 nm scale show highly reproducible switching characteristics. The voltage levels at which such devices are switched between the two resistance levels can be systematically lowered by increasing the nitrogen concentration. Similarly, the resistance of the high resistance state can be varied by varying the nitrogen concentration, and decreases by orders of magnitude by varying the nitrogen concentrations by a few percent. On the other hand, the resistance of the low resistance state is nearly insensitive to the nitrogen doping level. The resistance of single Mg50O50-xNx layer devices can be varied over a wide range by limiting the current that can be passed during the SET process. Associated data storage devices can be constructed.

Abstract: A vectorization process is employed in which chemical identifier strings are converted into respective vectors. These vectors may then be searched to identify molecules that are identical or similar to each other. The dimensions of the vector space can be defined by sequences of symbols that make up the chemical identifier strings. The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) string defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is particularly well suited for these methods.

Abstract: Amorphous inorganic oxides are used as release layers on templates for nanoimprint lithography. Such a layer facilitates the release of a template from a cured, hardened composition into which the template has transferred a pattern, by reducing the adhesion energy between the release layer and the cured, hardened composition. The release layer may include one or more metallic or semiconductor elements such as Al, Cu, Co, Sb, Ti, Ta, W and Ge.

Abstract: Methods involving the self-assembly of block copolymers are described herein, in which by beginning with openings (in one or more substrates) that have a targeted CD (critical dimension), holes are formed, in either regular arrays or arbitrary arrangements. Significantly, the percentage variation in the average diameter of the formed holes is less than the percentage variation of the average diameter of the initial openings. The formed holes (or vias) can be transferred into the underlying substrate(s), and these holes may then be backfilled with material, such as a metallic conductor. Preferred aspects of the invention enable the creation of vias with tighter pitch and better CD uniformity, even at sub-22 nm technology nodes.

Abstract: Amorphous inorganic nitrides are used as release layers on templates for nanoimprint lithography. Such a layer facilitates the release of a template from a cured, hardened composition into which the template has transferred a pattern, by reducing the adhesion energy between the release layer and the cured, hardened composition. The release layer may include one or more metallic or semiconductor elements such as Al, Mn, B, Co, Ti, Ta, W and Ge.

Abstract: MgO tunnel barriers are formed by depositing a thin layer of Mg on a suitable underlayer, and then directing oxygen and additional Mg towards the Mg layer. The oxygen reacts with the additional Mg and the Mg in the Mg layer to form a MgO tunnel barrier that enjoys excellent tunneling characteristics. The MgO tunnel barriers so formed may be used in magnetic tunnel junctions having tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) values of greater than 100%. The highest TMR values are observed for junctions that have been annealed and that have a (100) crystallographic orientation.

Abstract: Consumer-generated media (CGM) and/or other media are monitored to allow an organization to become aware of, and respond to, issues that may affect how it is perceived by the public. An extract, transform, load (ETL) engine is used to process CGM and other media content, and an analytical engine utilizes a multi-step progressive filtering approach to identify those documents that are most relevant. The filtering approach includes executing broad queries to extract relevant content from different CGM and other sources, extracting text snippets from the relevant content and performing de-duplication, defining organizational identity (e.g., brand name, trade name, or company name) and hot-topic models using a rule-based and statistical-based approach, and using the models together in an orthogonal filtering approach to effectively generate alerts and reports. The methodology is found to be substantially more effective compared to a conventional keyword based approach.

Abstract: Magnetic tunneling devices are formed from a first body centered cubic (bcc) magnetic layer and a second bcc magnetic layer. At least one spacer layer of bcc material between these magnetic layers exchange couples the first and second bcc magnetic layers. A tunnel barrier in proximity with the second magnetic layer permits spin-polarized current to pass between the tunnel barrier and the second layer; the tunnel barrier may be either MgO and Mg—ZnO. The first magnetic layer, the spacer layer, the second magnetic layer, and the tunnel barrier are all preferably (100) oriented. The MgO and Mg—ZnO tunnel barriers are prepared by first depositing a metallic layer on the second magnetic layer (e.g., a Mg layer), thereby substantially reducing the oxygen content in this magnetic layer, which improves the performance of the tunnel barriers.

Abstract: A patent evaluation method analyzes key words in the claims and how many patents use those words, to measure the impact of a given patent. For a group of patents in a particular field (e.g., as defined by a patent classification code), the key words can be indexed against the patents having claims in which those key words appear, and in particular with respect to that patent having the earliest reference date (e.g., a publication date such as the date on which the patent issued or any corresponding patent application was published). Output may be presented in the form of a table, which aids in quickly understanding a patent's value compared to other patents in its group. Various visualization and user interaction tools may be employed.

Abstract: A memory device utilizes a phase change material as the storage medium. The phase change material includes at least one of Ge, Sb, Te, Se, As, and S, as well as a nitride compound as a dopant. The memory device can be a solid-state memory cell with electrodes in electrical communication with the phase change medium, an optical phase change storage device in which data is read and written optically, or a storage device based on the principle of scanning probe microscopy.

Abstract: A magnetic tunneling element is constructed from a MgO or Mg—ZnO tunnel barrier and an amorphous magnetic layer in proximity with the tunnel barrier. The amorphous magnetic layer includes Co and at least one additional element selected to make the layer amorphous. Magnetic tunnel junctions formed from the amorphous magnetic layer, the tunnel barrier, and an additional ferromagnetic layer have tunneling magnetoresistance values of up to 200% or more.

Abstract: Letters (more generally, language symbols) are entered electronically by selecting, in sequential fashion, two keys on a standard phone layout. The first key in the two-key sequence is that key on which the desired letter is displayed. The keys and the letters displayed on the keys are marked in such a way that the markings suggest the second key in the two-key sequence. The letters displayed on the keys have respective markings, such as a color, with each letter on a given key having a unique marking. The keys themselves also have markings that match the markings of the letters. In preferred embodiments, the two keys in the two-key sequence are located in the same row. Letters may be selected to spell out words on a screen and then sent electronically to a remote device or recipient.

Abstract: The creation and maintenance of a website is made easier through automation. The user selects the data (or documents) to put on the web. Information associated with the documents is extracted from the documents and analyzed to determine the contents of the documents. A template is then automatically selected from a library of templates, and this template is used to generate the website. Both the structure and the layout of the data may be determined from the data itself, from user actions, from corporate identity templates, and from authorities that can help improve the website design.

Abstract: Nanoporous structures are constructed that have hydrophilic regions separated by hydrophobic regions. The porous, hydrophilic regions have reaction sites suitable for use in a bioassay application and have a higher density of reaction sites than that of a non-porous (2-D) surface. The structure may be made by depositing a layer of a matrix material (e.g., an organosilicate) and a porogen, and then crosslinking the matrix material to form a nanohybrid composite structure. The porogen is decomposed to form pores within the matrix material, and a reactive gas phase species (e.g., ozone) is patternwise directed onto a surface of the matrix material. Ultraviolet light (directed through a mask) activates the gas phase species to form a reactive species that then reacts with the matrix material to make it hydrophilic. The porogen may be decomposed thermally or by exposing it to an oxidizing atmosphere in the presence of ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A document (or multiple documents) is analyzed to identify entities of interest within that document. This is accomplished by constructing n-gram or bi-gram models that correspond to different kinds of text entities, such as chemistry-related words and generic English words. The models can be constructed from training text selected to reflect a particular kind of text entity. The document is tokenized, and the tokens are run against the models to determine, for each token, which kind of text entity is most likely to be associated with that token. The entities of interest in the document can then be annotated accordingly.

Abstract: A computer-interfaced camera system identifies and tracks groups of socially interrelated people. The system can be used, for example, to track people as they wait in a checkout line or at a service counter. In a preferred implementation, each recorded camera frame is segmented into foreground regions containing several people. The foreground regions are further segmented into individuals using temporal segmentation analysis. Once an individual person is detected, an appearance model based on color and edge density in conjunction with a mean-shift tracker is used to recover the person's trajectory. Groups of people are determined by analyzing inter-person distances over time.

Abstract: The virtual screening of a database of molecules is based on explicit three-dimensional molecular superpositions. The torsional flexibility of the database molecules is taken fully into account, and an arbitrary number of conformation-dependent molecular features may be considered. A fragmentation-reassembly approach is utilized, which allows for an efficient sampling of the conformational space. A fast clique-based pattern-matching algorithm generates alignments of pairs of adjacent molecular fragments on the (rigid) query molecule that are subsequently reassembled to complete database molecules. Using conventional molecular features (hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, charges, and hydrophobic groups), it is possible to rapidly produce accurate alignments of medium-sized drug-like molecules. Examples with a test database containing a diverse set of 1780 drug-like molecules (including all conformers) show that average query processing times of the order of 0.

Abstract: A method for use with a magnetic racetrack device includes placing domain walls having a first structure and domain walls having a second, different structure along the racetrack at stable positions corresponding to different regions within the device. The domain walls having the first structure and the domain walls having the second structure occupy alternating positions along the racetrack. A current pulse is applied to the racetrack, so that each of the domain walls moves to an adjacent region. This results in a transformation of the domain walls having the first structure into domain walls having the second structure, and vice versa. The first structure may be a vortex structure and the second structure may be a transverse structure.

Abstract: Magnetic tunnel junctions are constructed from a MgO or Mg—ZnO tunnel barrier and amorphous magnetic layers in proximity with, and on respective sides of, the tunnel barrier. The amorphous magnetic layer preferably includes Co and at least one additional element selected to make the layer amorphous, such as boron. Magnetic tunnel junctions formed from the amorphous magnetic layers and the tunnel barrier have tunneling magnetoresistance values of up to 200% or more.