Abstract: A two-step motion prediction for MPEG-2 interpolation case-D will yield visual artifacts if not corrected. An improved MPEG-2 decoder includes a logic gate, multiplexer, and adder. When both the horizontal (h0) and vertical (h1) motion vector components require a half pixel interpolation (case-D), the multiplexer forwards the constant minus three to the adder, otherwise a constant zero is used. Such adder modifies the DC coefficient input to the inverse discrete cosine transformer to include a correction term for the predicted pixels calculated by a two-step predictor. A correction value of −0.375 is evenly distributed over all sixty-four resulting spatial coefficients during the inverse discrete cosine transform. This results statistically in a slightly brighter set of correction terms. Such offsets result in a slightly darker prediction that is formed by the two-step predictor. The output frames are statistically correct images.

Abstract: Structures for light emitting diodes are disclosed, which include improved current blocking and light extraction structures. The diodes typically include a substrate formed on a first electrode, a first confining layer of a first conductivity type formed on the substrate, an active region formed on the first confining layer, a second confining layer of a second conductivity type formed on the active region, and a window layer of the second conductivity type formed on the second confining layer. A contact layer of the second conductivity type is formed on the window layer for making ohmic contact, a conductive oxide layer is formed on the contact layer, and a second electrode is formed on the conductive oxide layer. The conductive oxide layer typically includes a central portion located below the second top electrode, which extends into the LED structure, typically beyond the contact layer and into the window layer, or even beyond the window layer, such as into the second confining layer.

Abstract: A toner usage estimation system is provided, in which an image file is analyzed to determine the relative usage of one or more toners used to define an image on a substrate. The image file is analyzed as a basis for estimating the cost of processing a particular print job. In one embodiment, a pixel coverage counter is added in the hardware path of a printer to count pixel coverage mapping, which allows the consumable usage of toner to be determined. In another embodiment, a software approximation on the coverage of toner is determined, based on the use of a reduced resolution thumbnail of an image.

Abstract: A hybrid mixed format document that contains document portions prepared by different format sources, such as both black and white and colored pages, prepared by separately printing the colored pages on a color printer, and the black and white pages on a black and white printer. The two document portions are then put in separate locations within a mixed format finishing device. One of the document portions, for example the black and white document portion, includes a cover sheet that provides encoded information, which tells the finishing device how to merge the two document portions into a complete publication. One advantage of the mixed format finishing device is that those pages that contain only text may be printed on a faster, and less costly black and white printer.