Abstract: Apparatus for illuminating transmission holograms from the rear with an illumination source located in front of the hologram, comprising a reflector and a light trap adapted to be mounted behind the hologram at a location chosen to reflect light from the source through the hologram as though from a source behind the hologram, while reflecting ambient light from the direction of an observer of the hologram into the trap.

Abstract: A high ratio multilaced raster scan system for obscuring the blank spaces between the raster lines on a CRT when making a photograph or hard copy from the screen of the CRT utilizes a selectively varied DC bias voltage to vertically offset in a select sequence succeeding pulses in the vertical ramp pulse train signal which controls the vertical sweep position of the electron beam of the CRT to thereby provide a corresponding sequence of parallel interlaced raster lines vertically offset with respect to each other. The system is calibrated in a simple manner by utilizing an alternating DC bias voltage to vertically offset alternate pulses in the vertical ramp pulse train signal and thereby enable the user to calibrate the average DC level of the selectively varied DC bias voltage by aligning the raster lines of the first and second fields.

Abstract: A photographic camera system for use with film units of the self-developing type including control means for providing a sneak charge of the electronic flash between the exposure interval and the film transport interval in order to reduce the apparent flash charge time subsequent to the transport of the film unit from the camera even though the overall charge time for the electronic flash remains unchanged.

Abstract: In a system for exposing a photosensitive material to a video frame represented by a video signal, the image to be photographed is horizontally scanned by a line scanner and the horizontal line scan is incrementally advanced across the video frame in correspondence with the incremental advancement of an exposing focused line across the photosensitive material in order to fully expose the photosensitive material, one line at a time, to the image being scanned by the line scanner.

Abstract: An electronic flashtube is fixedly mounted to a reflector housing by an elongated elastomeric strap having openings therethrough at opposite ends thereof for engaging respectively the opposite end portions of the flashtube which extend from the reflector housing. The elongated strap extends across the exterior of the reflector housing so as to yieldably bias the flashtube toward that portion of the reflector housing across which the strap extends.

Abstract: An improved "hybrid" exposure control system for a photographic camera apparatus operates to ignite a source of artificial illumination at a "hybrid" aperture value related to the camera-to-subject distance and having an overexposure capability which progressively diminishes in correspondence with increasing camera-to-subject distances.

Abstract: An encoding system for a shutter blade arrangement of the scanning type comprising a plurality of spaced apart slits in each of the shutter blade elements arranged to sequentially overlap each other between a source of illumination and a photoresponsive element during displacement of the shutter blade elements to provide an output waveform indicative of the instantaneous position of the shutter blade elements with double the resolution or accuracy heretofore provided by shutter blade encoding systems having identically sized and spaced slits.

Abstract: A peristaltic pumping system in which a length of elastic tubing connected at opposite ends to storage spools is advanced alternately in opposite directions through a pinch roll pair and in which opposite ends of the elastic tubing are connected in fluid communication alternately with pump intake and pump discharge conduits by a reversing valve. The valve is adjusted by means dependent on the direction of tubing travel through the pinch roll pair. The system is preferably incorporated in a cassette-like enclosure which may be removable received in a drive console. Alternately, the system may be self-contained in an enclosure adapted to be implanted in an animal body.

Abstract: A method of making achromatic holographic stereograms in which projected images from a sequence of two-dimensional transparencies of a scene taken from a sequence of successively displaced positions are sequentially holographically recorded on adjacent strips of a photographic plate while the plate is inclined at an acute angle to the optical axis of projection of the images. The sequence of holographic strip images so recorded are re-recorded on a second hologram using a beam conjugate to the original reference beam to illuminate the strip hologram. The second holographic recording is done with the aid of a vertically inclined collimated reference beam of coherent light. Upon illumination of the second hologram with white light, a three-dimensional image of the original scene may be viewed by an appropriately placed observer which is achromatic over an extended angle of view and an extended apparent scene depth.

Abstract: A "hybrid" exposure control system for a photographic camera apparatus controls exposure in response to both the firing of a quench strobe at an appropriate size aperture corresponding to the determined camera-to-subject distance and to the subsequent quenching of the strobe in response to the detection and integration of reflected strobe light from the scene in correspondence with the scene light admitted to the film plane. An increased degree of exposure correction can thus be made possible since a slight error in determining the camera-to-subject range can be compensated by the detection and integration of reflected strobe light to provide a flash quenching signal.

Abstract: An ultrasonic rangefinder system for use in either an ultrasonic rangefinder camera or a general purpose ultrasonic rangefinder designer's kit provides a plurality of automatic sonic rangefinder functions when embodied in the photographic rangefinder camera while at the same time accommodating independently established control functions overriding the automatic functions when the rangefinder is utilized as part of the general purpose sonar rangefinder designer's kit.

Abstract: A hard copy of a video frame represented by periodic video signals is obtained by dividing the range of amplitude of the video signals into N levels, converting the video signals into N two-level brightness distributions on the screen of a monochromatic CRT under the condition that a pixel in the ith distribution has the upper of two levels only if the level of the video signal representing the corresponding pixel in the frame exceeds the ith level, and exposing a photosensitive sheet to light from the screen. Thus, each pixel on the sheet is exposed to light of predetermined brightness for a period of time functionally dependent on the level of the video signal represented by the corresponding pixel in the frame.

Abstract: A photographic exposure control system of the type embodying scanning shutter blade elements includes a control blade selectively actuatable in accordance with whether the photographic apparatus is utilized in an ambient or artificial scene-lighted mode of operation for controlling which of two separate sets of photocell sweep secondary apertures in the shutter blade elements will direct scene light to a photoresponsive element while at the same time controlling a maximum effective primary aperture to which the shutter blade elements are allowed to progressively increase.

Abstract: Apparatus for illuminating transmission holograms from the rear with an illumination source located in front of the hologram, comprising a reflector and a light trap adapted to be mounted behind the hologram at a location chosen to reflect light from the source through the hologram as though from a source behind the hologram, while reflecting ambient light from the direction of an observer of the hologram into the trap.

Abstract: A wire terminal connection by which a leaf-like contact may be electrically joined with a stripped end portion of a wire lead retained by a non-conductive mounting structure for the contact. As disclosed, the connection is embodied in a battery contact assembly of a photographic camera in which all electrical components are assembled as an interior module to be pretested for operational reliability prior to assembly of the module with an exterior housing. The retention of the wire leads by the non-conductive contact mounting facilitates module assembly and pretesting prior to applying the battery contacts.

Abstract: A digital scene light detecting and integrating circuit is provided with an automatic preset by which the integrating circuit is presignaled to ramp upward to a preselected reference voltage value at which digital pulse counting can immediately begin, thereby subsequently enabling the precise detection and integration of illumination.

Abstract: A photographic exposure control system of the type for controlling both the duration of a photographic exposure interval and the amount of artificial illumination provided during the exposure interval includes the capability of increasing the amount of artificial illumination in direct corresponding relation with increases in the camera-to-subject distance and the ambient scene light intensity in order to maintain the same proportional contribution to the film exposure from the ambient artificial light during a fill flash exposure.

Abstract: A safety switch arrangement is provided for an electronic flash for automatically discharging the main storage capacitor in response to the user deliberately or inadvertently removing the cover from the flash housing. The electronic flash is of any ordinary type comprising a DC-to-DC converter with a step-up transformer and the safety switch arrangement is connected to discharge the main storage capacitor through the secondary winding of the DC-to-DC converter transformer thereby eliminating the need for a separate bleeder resistor.

Abstract: In a photographic exposure control system of the type which provides a flash fire signal at an appropriate follow focus aperture value corresponding to the camera-to-subject distance range and which terminates the exposure interval as a function of scene light detection and integration to a select level, there is provided an arrangement by which the exposure control system may be selectively adjusted to accommodate any one of a variety of different film speeds.

Abstract: A system for automatically controlling the charging operation of an electronic flash in a photographic apparatus operates to enable the electronic flash to charge in response to readying the camera in anticipation to implementing a photographic exposure cycle and thereafter disabling the charging of the electronic flash as soon as the electronic flash reaches its full charge condition. The control system responds to the subsequent actuation of the camera to initiate a photographic exposure cycle to reenable the electronic flash to again become fully charged. After the electronic flash is fully charged, it is again disabled from further charging during the remainder of the photographic exposure cycle.