Abstract: The application disclose a system for handling light that is amenable for intensification by an Image Intensifier and a method for handling the same, wherein the system includes light regulating means for regulating light intensity of the transmissive MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) type in order to prevent light rays emanating from intensely bright light areas from reaching the input plane of the image intensifier, or (instead of using said transmissive MEMS), the system implement light regulating means of the reflective MEMS type and while utilizing the reflective MEMS, the image intensifier is driven to operate in a gating mode, in order to time the light intensifying action of the intensifier to start upon the specific time slot that was essentially completed, of deflecting the light rays emanating from intensely bright light areas away from the input plane of said image intensifier.

Abstract: A method for protecting NROM devices from charge damage during process steps, the method including providing X-decoder structure for word line connections, wherein each word line is connected to a pair of transistors, a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor the PMOS transistors sharing a common deep N well and the NMOS transistors connected to a P well, wherein during negative charging, the NMOS transistors shunt leakage current to ground, and during positive charging, the PMOS transistors shunt leakage current to ground, providing an N+ tap connected to the N well and connecting the N+ tap to a positive voltage clamping device, and connecting all the P wells together to a common P+ tap and connecting the P+ tap to a negative voltage clamping device, wherein during process steps, the negative and positive voltage clamping devices direct leakage current to ground.

Abstract: A method for providing a bid price and/or an offer price of an option relating to an underlying asset, the method including the steps of receiving first input data corresponding to a plurality of parameters defining the option, receiving second input data corresponding to a plurality of current market conditions relating to the underlying value, computing a corrected theoretical value of the option based on the first and second input data (110), computing a bid/offer spread of the option based on the first and input data (116), computing a bid price and/or an offer price of the option based on the corrected theoretical value and the bid/offer spread (118), and providing an output corresponding to the bid price and/or the offer price of the option.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for using a computer connected to a network to match buyers and sellers, the method including: receiving a buyer request from a buyer, the buyer request including a request to purchase a good or service, having the computer search sites on the network for sell ads from sellers, each of the sell ads referring to an advertised good or advertised service, matching the buyer request with at least one of the sell ads, and notifying the associated seller for each matched sell ad that the buyer has requested a good or service similar to the advertised good or advertised service advertised in the matched sell ad. According to some embodiments of the method and system, both a seller and a buyer may be identified and matched up without either sending a request.

Abstract: A calibration checking device, and methods of mandating its use at regular time intervals, to ensure maintenance of the accuracy of gas analyzers, especially for use with breath tests. Each calibration checking device is designed to be used for a predetermined number of tests. After first connection of a new calibration checking device, a volume of known calibration checking gas is released into the instrument, and a calibration checking measurement is initiated. A signal is sent to a counting mechanism which both enables the use of the instrument, and commences a count of the number of tests performed by the breath tester. When the number of tests is exceeded, the instrument is disenabled. The device can include a moisture filter having an interface with the instrument, which prevents its operation if the filter is used beyond the recommended number of times, or if excess moisture renders it saturated.

Abstract: A capacitor including a first active layer capacitively coupled to a second active layer, the second active layer being capacitively coupled to a third layer, the third layer being capacitively coupled to a fourth layer, wherein an anode of the capacitor is connected to one of the first and second active layers, and a cathode of the capacitor is connected to the other one of the first and second active layers, and wherein the third layer is left floating. The fourth layer may be connected to a supply voltage, such as but not limited to, ground.

Abstract: A method includes changing a read reference level for reading a group of memory cells as a function of changes in a threshold voltage distribution of a different group of memory cells. The changing step includes determining a history read reference level for correct reading of at least one history cell, selecting a memory read reference level according to the first read reference level, and reading non-volatile memory array cells associated with the at least one history cell using the memory read reference level.

Abstract: A piezoelectric motor for moving and positioning a load, the motor comprising: a piezoelectric vibrator having a plurality of electrodes and a coupling surface which is pressed to a load; and a power supply selectively operable to electrify at least one vibrator electrode with time varying voltage to generate vibrations in the coupling surface that step the load to a desired position or to electrify at least one vibrator electrode with DC voltage to displace the coupling surface and move thereby the load to a desired position, which DC voltage the power supply maintains to maintain the load at the desired position.

Abstract: A diffraction grating device (100) has both reflecting (108) and transmitting (106) gratings inter leaved to allow both transmission diffraction patterns and reflection diffraction patterns to be formed by means of the same device (102). This makes it possible, for example, to produce a diffraction pattern of one older with a beam (134) directed to be diffracted by the reflecting diffraction grating or with a beam (132) directed to be diffracted by the transmitting diffraction grating when either beam is incident alone. It also makes it possible to generate a diffraction pattern of a different order when both beams are incident simultaneously, which reduces effective order of the grating.

Abstract: A method includes changing a read reference level for reading a group of memory cells as a function of changes in a threshold voltage distribution of a different group of memory cells. The changing step includes determining a history read reference level of a group of history cells associated with a group of memory cells of a non-volatile memory cell array, allowing correct reading of the group of history cells, selecting a memory read reference level according to the first read reference level, and reading the non-volatile memory array cells.

Abstract: An all-optical data compression system comprising: an input encoding unit having at least one input for receiving a data channel; an output decoding unit having at least one output for providing a data channel; a radiation guide for carrying encoded optical data signals from the encoding unit to the decoding unit, and the encoded optical data signals are in a form of a train of optical pulses equally separated by a time interval and having relative phase shifts between adjacent pulses.

Abstract: A method includes controlling the connection of a charge pump output to a load capacitor as a function of activation control signals to an oscillator controlling the charge pump. A charge pump system includes a charge pump, an oscillator, a switching element and an enable signal generator. The switching element connects and disconnects the charge pump from a load capacitor. The enable signal generator is connected to the oscillator and to the switching element and enables and disables the oscillator and the switching element as a function of the output of the charge pump.

Abstract: An all-optical packet gating and routing system, comprising: first optical divider having first input and a plurality of outputs for receiving optical packets at the first input and directing the packets to each of the plurality of outputs, the optical packets having encoded headers and payloads, and each of the plurality of outputs of the first divider includes a packet gate; the packet gate, comprising: second optical divider having second input and first and second outputs for receiving the optical packets at the second input and directing the packets to each of the first and second outputs; the first output includes a decoding device for decoding one of the encoded headers of one of the optical packets and to produces a pulse in response to one of the encoded headers propagating in the first output and a copier for producing a plurality of images of the pulse, and an AND gate having third and fourth inputs and a third output; and the AND gate receives the plurality of images of the pulse at the third inpu

Abstract: A method for measuring output current of a charge pump, the method including providing a charge pump including a plurality of n charge pump stages, wherein an output of stage n?1(Von?1) is output to stage n, an output voltage of stage n being referred to as charge pump voltage output Vout, connecting an additional output pass device to the output of stage n?1, an output voltage of the additional output pass device being referred to as Voutm, forcing Voutm to be at least approximately equal to Vout, drawing at least one of output voltage (Voutm) and output current (Ioutm) from the additional output pass device, measuring Ioutm (e.g., comparing Ioutm with a reference current), and correlating Iout with Ioutm.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical system for decoding, switching, demultiplexing, and routing of optical encoded data symbols from multiple inputs to multiple outputs, including: a plurality of demultiplexing systems, each of the demultiplexing systems includes an input and a plurality of outputs, each of the demultiplexing systems is a system for performing a function selected from a group of functions including decoding, switching, demultiplexing, and routing for producing decoded signals at the outputs in response to the encoded data symbols received at the input; and a coupling mechanism for coupling the outputs of the plurality of demultiplexing systems to allow each of the encoded data symbols received by the input of each of the plurality of demultiplexing systems to produce the decoded signals at the outputs of the plurality of demultiplexing systems.

Abstract: A method of producing narrow optical pulses includes receiving first and second optical pulses having first and second widths, respectively, the second optical pulse having a delay relative to the first optical pulse, and selectively interfering the first and second optical pulses to produce a third optical pulse having a third width narrower than both said first and second widths.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system that enables filtered application-to-application communication in a server farm in a multi-channel reliable hardware environment (e.g. InfiniBand). The system may also improve the performance of application-to-application communication between servers in the farm. The implementation of multi-channel reliable communication hardware may reduce the number of communication software layers above.

Abstract: A method for accelerating or decelerating a moveable body which body is moved by urging a piezoelectric micromotor to the body in a first direction so that a contact region of the piezoelectric motor is pressed to the body and exciting vibrations in the piezoelectric micromotor at the contact region in the first direction and in a second direction along a direction of motion of the body, said vibrations having a first amplitude in the first direction and a second amplitude in the second direction, the method comprising: a) for acceleration, gradually changing a ratio between the second amplitude relative to the first amplitude from substantially zero to a desired non-zero value; or b) for deceleration, gradually changing the ratio between the second amplitude relative to the first amplitude from a non-zero value to substantially zero.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical system for decoding, switching, demultiplexing, and routing of optical encoded data signals, including: at least first and second layers, each layer including at least one demultiplexing system having an input and a plurality of outputs, each of the outputs including a decoding device, wherein each of the demultiplexing systems is capable of performing a function selected from a group of functions including decoding, switching, demultiplexing, and routing for producing decoded signals at the outputs in response to the encoded data symbols received at the input; and a coupling mechanism for optically coupling one or more demultiplexing systems of the first layer with one or more demultiplexing systems of the second layer, by respectively coupling one of the plurality of outputs of the demultiplexing system of the first layer with the input of the demultiplexing system of the second layer.

Abstract: A high voltage regulator including a current mirror including a pair of transistors, one of the transistors being connected to a node that outputs an output voltage Vout, a diode stack that includes a plurality of serially connected transistors T0, T1, T2, . . .