Abstract: The invention relates to an anode comprising a titanium alloy substrate coated with noble metals by thermal decomposition of precursors thereof. The alloy of the substrate includes elements which can be oxidised during the thermal decomposition step, allowing electrical energy savings and a prolonged duration in industrial electrolytic processes. The anode of the invention is suitable for chlor-alkali electrolysis, allowing to produce chlorine with a lower oxygen content and a lower energy consumption than the anodes of the prior art.

Abstract: According to one or more aspects of the present invention, an amplifier arrangement is disclosed. The arrangement comprises a first, a second and a third amplifier. The first and second amplifiers are coupled to one another such that they form a negative feedback loop. In addition, an output node of the first amplifier is connected to a signal input of the third amplifier. An output node of the third amplifier circuit forms the amplifier output of the amplifier arrangement. In addition, the third amplifier circuit is designed for switchably changing its gain on the basis of a signal at an actuating input of the amplifier arrangement.

Abstract: A memory controller for a dynamic random access memory which pre-charges active banks in a particular chip select when an eight quadword access is made to another bank within that same chip select. When the memory controller detects an eight quadword access which is a page hit or page miss within the same chip select, the memory controller will look for any other active banks on that chip select. If there is another active bank other than the bank being accessed by the eight quadword access, the memory controller will attempt to transmit a pre-charge operation to that bank in the clock cycle immediately following the acceptance of the eight quadword access.