Abstract: A micro-electromechanical actuator employs metal for the hot arm and silicon for at least the flexible portion of the cold arm. The cold arm made of silicon is coupled to a metal wire that moves with it and is used to carry the signal to be switched when at least two of such actuators are formed into a switch. Arrays of such switches on a first chip may be cooperatively arranged with a second chip that is flip-chip bonded to the first chip, the second chip having thereon wires routing the electrical control currents to the various hot arms for heating them as well as the signals to be switched by the various switches.

Abstract: A highly reliable fuse for explosives and armaments is achieved by employing a micro mechanical device that operates to disrupt a relatively low impedance bypass circuit coupled in parallel with a relatively high impedance trigger mechanism. The removal of the electrical bypassing is performed as a result of the movement of the micro mechanical device to enable detonation under prescribed conditions. The electrical bypassing is removed by having at least one low impedance electrical bridge that is part of the bypass circuit break when the micro mechanical device is subjected to prescribed trigger activation forces, which are typically large forces, such as are generated during launch or impact. The micro mechanical device may be a micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS) device and the bridge is at least one spring that is part of the MEMS device and also part of the bypass circuit.

Abstract: A first base station which initially receives a service request from a wireless terminal requests authentication information from a central security node and receives in response at least, one, but typically two or more, sets of security information. When it is time for a handoff from the first base station to a second base station, the first base station transmits to the second base station at least one of the sets of security information it received from the central security node. The second base station then uses the information it received from the first base station to authenticate the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A sensor that is responsive to at least two distinct spectral bands, e.g., infrared radiation and ultraviolet or infrared and visible light makes use of the junction of a diode-based bolometer as a photocell in addition to its temperature dependence for detecting infrared radiation. More specifically the diode bolometer is arranged to work in the conventional manner, in that an electrical characteristic of the diode, e.g., the temperature dependence of its current-voltage (I-V) curve, is used as the basis for measuring temperature, and hence, infrared radiation. Additionally, the same diode may be operated as a photocell to detect radiation that is capable of interacting with the electrons in the junction of the diode. This may be achieved by detecting a change in the operating point of the diode based given its present biasing in response to noninfrared radiation incident upon the diode.

Abstract: Carbon particles, such as, carbon fibrils and carbon nanotube molecules, may be assembled into substantially pure aligned fibers by a) dispersing the carbon particles within a curable liquid, b) aligning the carbon particles by flowing the mixture of curable liquid and carbon particles down a tapering tube, and c) curing the flowing mixture of curable liquid and carbon particles in the general vicinity of the end of the tapering tube to form a fiber. The curable liquid may be cured using ultraviolet light. The solidified mixture may be further processed by d) heating the fiber so as to cause the volatile elements of the solidified curable liquid portion to substantially dissipate from the fiber, e) twisting the fiber to increase its density, f) heating the fiber to sinter the carbon particles within the fiber, and g) cladding the fiber. The resulting fiber may then be spooled onto a take-up drum.

Abstract: An array of high fill factor mirrors has each mirror be coupled across two deformable spring bars that are deformed using a drive. The two deformable springs are parallel to each other, and coupled together, e.g., by a cross bar. A support is coupled at one end to the cross bar and at its opposite end to the mirror. Coupled across the deformable spring bars on the opposite side thereof from the mirror support, is at least one moveable drive plate. Motion by the moveable drive plate causes the deformable spring bars to torque, e.g., in the local vicinity of the connection of the drive plate to the deformable spring bars. The torque causes the deformable spring bars to move downward, e.g., near their centers. As a result, cross bar, and hence the mirror, move downward.

Abstract: Multiple drives are coupled together to cause rotation about a single axis by an arrangement in which two moveable electrode plates flank a fixed electrode plate such that the opposite direction rotations of the two moveable electrode plates are combined. To this end, at least one arm from at least one of the moveable electrode plates is connected to at least one arm of a moveable electrode plate on the opposite side of the fixed electrode plate, e.g., by a spring. The electrode plates may have comb projections. A post may be coupled at one of its ends to the top of one of the moveable electrode plates, and the post's other end is coupled to a plate, e.g., a mirror or other structure to be moved.

Abstract: A channel sounding system employs orthogonal sequences to meet the Cramer-Rao bound in estimating the channel and achieves considerable simplification of the structure necessary to perform the channel sounding. These advantages are achieved by developing orthogonal sequences of substantially arbitrary length as a function of first and second existing orthogonal sequences and using such orthogonal sequences for channel sounding in lieu of M-sequences. The techniques of the invention are especially suited to systems that use multiple antennas at the transmitter and multiple antennas at the receiver, so called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems.

Abstract: The payloads of IP packets are checked to actually determine if a packet contains MPEG-2 video rather than using predefined streams or priority levels that are assumed to contain such information as is done in the prior art. More specifically, the “sync” bytes of the MPEG-2 stream are searched for within the IP packet payload, and when a pattern indicative of the sync bytes is found the sync bytes are identified and the packet is determined to contain MPEG-2 video. The sync byte was defined in MPEG-2 for over-the-air broadcasting in order that a television receiver be able to synchronize the MPEG-2 transport stream packets. Note that the MPEG-2 video, e.g., the MPEG-2 transport stream packets, may or may not be incorporated within real time protocol (RTP) packets before being incorporated into the IP packets.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for the detection and compensation of frame offset discontinuities for tandem connection trails in general and especially to frame offset discontinuities occurring at the entrance of a network element in a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) system. More specifically, a method of transmitting data in a synchronous hierarchic network system comprising at least a path segment between a first network element and at least a second network element on which tandem connection monitoring (TC) method is established for monitoring transmission of information over the path segment is characterised by detection of frame offset discontinuities at the first network element on the basis of the detection of an alteration of the pointer value.

Abstract: Orthogonal sequences can be developed and used for use training and synchronizing in CDMA and TDMA systems. In particular, once a sequence is developed that has the length of the product of the channel length and the number of transmit antennas, the sequence is offset by a different amount for each transmit antenna. For example, each sequence could be offset by a multiple of the channel length for each transmit antenna, where the multiple ranges from 0 to N?1, where N is the number of transmit antennas. Furthermore, by not using exactly the same amount of offset shifting for each transmit antenna, e.g., not having each signal offset by the channel length, but keeping the overall total shifting the same, e.g., the average of each shift is the channel length, it is possible to determine at a receiver from which transmit antenna a particular signal originated.

Abstract: A system and method for processing received transmission signal(s) adapted to be used in high rate communication systems without impairing the received signal energy and without additional expensive components. The system and method are adapted to transmission system(s) having at the receiver-side a compound system of a feed-forward equalizer (FFE) and a subsequent decision feedback equalizer (DFE). A feed forward equalization and/or a decision feedback equalization is performed on the received high rate signal by deriving adaptation information from the equalized signal after a signal decision is performed for adjusting all intended feed forward equalization and/or decision feedback equalization coefficients and/or table entries in dependence on said information.

Abstract: The planes of chips in a flip-chip arrangement, when at least one of the chips has an insulating layer running through it, may be electrically connected together by incorporating into the top chip a flexible metalized structure which is pinned to the top layer of the bottom chip using a wire bond ball which is connected to a wire that is attached to a pad on the top layer of the upper chip. A single connection connects both layers of the top chip to the layer on the bottom chip. The flexible structure may be similar to a collapsible cup with a hole in the middle or it may be a tiltable micro mirror.

Abstract: A MEMS device achieves a large angle of rotation of a plate about 2 independent axes by employing a handle portion of the plate which is isolated by respective springs coupling the handle portion to each of two actuators. A first actuator, which rotates the mirror about the same axis as done in U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,744 is essentially the same structure disclosed therein, but with the mirror plate thereof shrunken in size. This shrunken plate is coupled by a spring to the mirror plate of the instant invention. Movement of the shrunken plate causes corresponding movement of the handle portion, and hence the mirror. A second actuator, coupled by another spring to the mirror plate of the instant invention, rotates about a second axis that is perpendicular to the first axis and parallel to the substrate. The second actuator includes an actuator plate and an electrode thereunder.

Abstract: Flip-chips are aligned by making a fiducial in the “top” chip that is translucent/transparent to light of a wavelength shorter than infrared, and at least one corresponding fiducial in the “bottom” chip. The top-chip fiducial may be made of a transparent or translucent material, its shape may be outlined by an opaque material, or it may be formed by etching through the top chip. The bottom-chip fiducial may be reflective of the light which is transparent/translucent to the fiducial in the top chip, in which case alignment can be achieved by employing at least one video camera which is located above the top chip. Alternatively, the fiducial in the bottom chip may also be transparent/translucent to the light, in which case alignment can be achieved by having the video camera located below the bottom chip. The chips are aligned by aligning the fiducials as seen by the video camera.

Abstract: The problems of large tables in Ethernet switches used on a metropolitan area scale, and the exposure of the enterprise network topologies, can be avoided by encapsulating each original Ethernet packet, which originates in a first network of an entity, e.g., an enterprise, a customer, or a network service provider, within another Ethernet packet which is given a source address that identifies the new encapsulating packet as originating at a port of a switch that is located at the interface between the first network in which the original packet originated and a second Ethernet network, e.g., the metropolitan area Ethernet network, which is to transport the encapsulating packet. When the encapsulating packet would exceed the allowable Ethernet packet length, the original packet may be split up at the interface between the first and second network and the resulting parts encapsulated into two encapsulating packets.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system using multiple antennas at the transmitter and multiple antennas at the receiver, with a sufficiently large number of antennas and/or diversity order, the same performance that is obtainable when employing instantaneous rate indication feedback can be attained without any such short-term feedback by adjusting the data rate of each transmit antenna according to a prescribed function. The prescribed function does not depend on the short-term state of the channel, but instead only depends on its long-term statistics, which may be fed back from the receiver to the transmitter at relatively lengthy intervals.

Abstract: Signals are developed for use in a wireless system with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas so that even in the face of some correlation the most open-loop capacity that can be achieved using a substantially open-loop system with a channel of that level of correlation is obtained. In accordance with the principles of the invention, the signals transmitted from the various antennas are processed so as to improve their ability to convey the maximum amount of information. More specifically, the data to be transmitted is divided into M+1 substreams, where M is the number of transmit antennas. Each transmit antenna is supplied with a combination signal that is made up of a weighted version of a common one of the substreams and a weighted version of a respective one of the substreams that is supplied uniquely for that antenna, so that there are M transmit signals. A receiver having N antennas receives the M transmit signals as combined by the channel and reconstitutes the original data therefrom.

Abstract: The selection of which channel to use by a cable modem terminating system (CMTS) is made a function of input supplied by a spectrum analyzer. Note that typically the cable distribution system has coupled to it at the head end not only the CMTS but also a spectrum analyzer, which has been used in the prior art only for initial establishment and subsequent maintenance of the network, tasks which are performed manually by field technicians. In one embodiment of the invention an interface is established between the CMTS and the spectrum analyzer so that the CMTS and the spectrum analyzer can communicate with each other, and the decision on which channel to use for the upstream is made by the CMTS based at least in part on information provided by the spectrum analyzer. Alternatively, the CMTS and spectrum analyzer are each interfaced to a spectrum controller which makes the decision of which channel to use for the upstream based at least in part on information provided by the spectrum analyzer.

Abstract: A precise array of collimated light beams may be obtained by employing a chuck to tightly hold as an array a group of precision collimators attached to individual optical fibers. Advantageously, such arrays of collimators may be manufactured to very high tolerances so as to be useful in positioning collimated light beams for all-optical switching.