Abstract: Organic phosphates are prepared in good yields by contacting the corresponding organic phosphites with nitric acid in the amount of at least 0.40 mole of nitric acid per mole of phosphite at a temperature in the range of 0.degree. to 60.degree. C.

Abstract: Organic phosphates are prepared in good yields by contacting the corresponding organic phosphite with an oxygen-containing gas that is preferably oxygen in the presence of a catalyst that comprises nitrogen dioxide in amounts that will provide at least 0.40 mole of oxygen and from 0.01 mole to 0.25 mole of nitrogen dioxide catalyst per mole of phosphite at a temperature in the range of -30.degree. C. to 120.degree. C.

Abstract: The discoloration that vinyl chloride resins usually undergo when a slurry containing one of these resins is heated at a temperature above 70.degree. C. to reduce its monomer content to less than 10 ppm is minimized or prevented by carrying out the heating step in the presence of a monomer-miscible color stabilizer that comprises an epoxide and an organic peroxide.

Abstract: Heat exchangers and other equipment whose surfaces have become fouled with sludge deposits that comprise a cuprous halide are cleaned by contacting the fouled surfaces of the equipment with a cleaning solution that contains 5% to 35% by weight of an alkyl aluminum halide in a hydrocarbon solution and then washing the surfaces with a hydrocarbon solvent to remove loosened sludge and residual cleaning solution.

Abstract: Heat exchangers and other equipment whose surfaces have become fouled with sludge deposits during the use of the equipment in the removal of carbon monoxide, lower olefins, or other complexible ligands from gas streams with a liquid sorbent that comprises a cuprous aluminum tetrahalide and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent are cleaned by contacting the fouled surfaces of the equipment with an aqueous ammonium chloride solution to dissolve and/or loosen substantially all of the deposited sludge, washing the surfaces with water to remove loosened sludge and residual cleaning solution, and drying them.

Abstract: Solutions of overbased manganese salts of organic acids that contain from 20% to 28% by weight of manganese are prepared by(a) carbonating a reaction mixture that contains excess manganous oxide, an organic acid, a promoter, a copromoter, a solvent system, and 0.3% to 0.8% by weight of water, based on the weight of the solvent system, at a temperature in the range of 50.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. at a pressure in the range of 1 atmosphere to 10 atmospheres, thereby forming a solution of overbased manganese salt that contains 2% to 10% by weight of manganese, and(b) heating said solution under subatmospheric pressure to separate a distillate from a residue that is a solution of overbased manganese salt that contains 20% to 28% by weight of manganese.

Abstract: Accelerator systems that comprise cobalt and potassium salts of organic acids are used to accelerate the curing of peroxide-catalyzed unsaturated polyester resin compositions.

Abstract: Vinyl chloride polymers are prepared by polymerizing a monomer component that comprises vinyl chloride in an aqueous system in the presence of an emulsifying agent that comprises an alkamine salt of dihydroxystearic acid, for example, triethanolamine dihydroxystearate.

Abstract: Colored polyurethane foams are prepared by the reaction of a polyisocyanate with a component that contains at least two compounds having functional groups containing active hydrogen atoms and that comprises a polyol and a dispersion of a pigment in a low-viscosity, semi-reactive vehicle that comprises a glycol monocarboxylate, such as 1,2-propylene glycol mononeodecanoate.

Abstract: Stabilizer systems for vinyl halide resin compositions comprise(a) a liquid, oil-soluble, epoxidized vegetable oil-compatible overbased barium salt complex that is the product obtained by contacting a reaction mixture that consists essentially of a basic barium compound, an alkylphenol, and an inert liquid organic diluent, in the amounts of at least 0.75 mole of alkylphenol per mole of barium compound and 10% to 50% by weight of the diluent, based on the weight of the reaction mixture, with carbon dioxide while the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature of at least 180.degree. C.;(b) a polyvalent metal salt component;(c) an organic phosphite component; and(d) a hydrocarbon solventIn the amounts of 0.1 part to 5 parts by weight of the polyvalent metal salt component, 0.1 part to 5 parts by weight of the organic phosphite component, and 0.1 part to 5 parts by weight of the hydrocarbon solvent per part by weight of the overbased barium salt complex.

Abstract: Metals are removed from waste materials that contain an organic component and a bimetallic salt complex component that comprises complexes having the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n .multidot.Aromatic and/or the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n .multidot.M.sub.II OX.multidot.Aromatic, wherein M.sub.I is a Group I-B metal, M.sub.II is a Group III-A metal, X is halogen, n is the sum of the valences of M.sub.I and M.sub.II, and Aromatic is a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 12 carbon atoms by contacting the waste material with water and sufficient alkali metal hydroxide to form a hydrolysis mixture which has a pH above 5 and which separates into an upper organic phase and a lower aqueous phase. After separation of the phases, there is obtained a slurry of M.sub.I oxide, M.sub.I hydroxide, and/or M.sub.II hydroxide from which the metals can be recovered or which can be discarded in ways that are not damaging to the environment.

Abstract: Metals are recovered from waste materials that contain an organic component and a bimetallic salt complex component that comprises complexes having the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n.Aromatic and/or the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n.M.sub.II OX.Aromatic, wherein M.sub.I is a Group I-B metal, M.sub.II is a Group III-A metal, X is halogen, n is the sum of the valences of M.sub.I and M.sub.II, and Aromatic is a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, by hydrolyzing the waste material with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a hydrolysis mixture that separates into an organic phase and an aqueous phase, and, after removing the organic phase, adding to the aqueous phase sufficient aluminum or another reducing metal to precipitate the Group I-B metal. After the precipitated metal has been removed from it, the aqueous solution is treated with sufficient base to precipitate the Group III-A metal hydroxyide, which is recovered from the aqueous solution.

Abstract: The discoloration that vinyl chloride resins usually undergo when a slurry containing one of these resins is heated at a temperature above 70.degree. C. to reduce its monomer content to less than 10 ppm is minimized or prevented by carrying out the heating step in the presence of a monomer-miscible color stabilizer that comprises an epoxide and an organic peroxide.

Abstract: The discoloration that vinyl chloride resins usually undergo when a slurry containing one of these resins is heated at a temperature above 70.degree. C. to reduce its monomer content to less than 10 ppm is minimized or prevented by carrying out the heating step in the presence of a monomer-miscible color stabilizer that comprises an organic peroxide and/or an organic azo compound.

Abstract: Aqueous pigment dispersions that have improved resistance to microbial attack contain a biocidally-effective amount of a polyoxymethyleneoxazolidine selected from the group consisting of(a) compounds having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein each R represents hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl, halophenyl, or --(CH.sub.2 O).sub.m CH.sub.2 OH; m represents a number in the range of 0 to 2; and n represents a number in the range of 1 to 4;(b) compounds having the structural formula ##STR2## wherein each R' represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or --CH.sub.2 OH and R and n have the aforementioned significance; and(c) mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The amounts of tars, nicotine, phenols, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and other toxic materials generated during the smoking of tobacco and its substitutes is reduced by incorporating in the smoking composition a small amount of a transition metal compound, e.g., chromium n-heptanoate.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing organotin compounds that are mobile liquids of low viscosity and that have a relatively mild sulfur odor have the structural formula ##STR1## wherein each R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, each R' represents --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --COOR", --SR", or --OOC--CH.dbd.CH--COOR"', R" represents an alkyl group having 8 to 18 carbon atoms, R'" represents an alkyl group having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, and n is 1 or 2. These compounds can be used alone or in combination with other organotin compounds as stabilizers for vinyl halide resin compositions.

Abstract: Lubricant compositions for use in the cylinder and drive train lubrication of reciprocating compressors for oxygen-free gases comprise 97% to 99% by weight of a base fluid that is a phthalate ester of an aliphatic alcohol having 10 to 15 carbon atoms and 1% to 3% by weight of an additive system that contains a viscosity index modifying component, an antioxidant component, and optionally a corrosion inhibitor and/or a load bearing additive.

Abstract: 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexabromobutene-2 is used to impart flame-retardance to epoxy resins, polyesters, and other thermosetting organic polymers that are normally susceptible to burning.