Abstract: When performing a punching operation for each of sheets individually conveyed to a predetermined punching position within a conveying path, each of the individually conveyed sheets is positioned at the predetermined punching position before performing the punching operation.

Abstract: A fixing member has a hollow fixing roller and an induction coil inside the fixing roller for generating heat from an induction current. The fixing roller has an outer surface and an inner surface, the inner surface facing the induction coil and the inner surface also having a heat insulating layer formed of hollow glass.

Abstract: In outputting data input in units of a bits in units of b bits (a<b) using a memory for storing data, the reading of the memory is controlled such that a first item of b-bit data is formed in so as to include all of a first item of a-bit data. Items of b-bit data succeeding the first item of the b-bit data are formed by using b/k bits taken from each of k items of a-bit data of those items of the a-bit data succeeding the first item of a-bit data, and the portion of the first item of b-bit data other than the first item of a-bit data is formed of (a-b/k) bits in the succeeding items of a-bit data (where a, b and k are integers), whereby the units in data processing can be changed by a simple construction and improvement in data transfer efficiency can be achieved.