Abstract: A recording apparatus wherein a recording head which has been mounted can be identified more precisely by measuring characteristics of the recording head to obtain information for defining a drive condition of the head and storing the characteristics as ID information of the recording head.

Abstract: A semiconductor commutator which is constructed by joining a semiconductor region of the first conductivity type and a semiconductor region of the second conductivity type, wherein there is provided a grain boundary which is located near a junction surface of the semiconductor region of the first conductivity type and the semiconductor region of the second conductivity type so as not to cross said junction surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjusting the inclination of an optical element or the like is provided with a predetermined shaft, an optical element fitted to the predetermined shaft, a mounting seat for supporting the optical element, a keep member for holding and fixing the optical element between it and the mounting seat, and a spherical seat movable in a direction intersecting the predetermined shaft between the mounting seat and the optical element for adjusting the inclination of the optical element. A method for mounting and adjustng the optical element includes the steps of mounting the optical element on the spherical seat supported on the predetermined shaft, detecting an inclination angle of the optical element and shifting the spherical seat to adjust the optical element.