Abstract: A display substrate includes a base substrate, a reflection-polarization member, a first electrode, an insulation layer and a pixel wall. The reflection-polarization member is disposed on the base substrate to reflect and polarize incident light. The first electrode is disposed in a unit pixel area of the reflection-polarization member. The insulation layer is disposed on the first electrode. The pixel wall is disposed on the insulation layer and defines the unit pixel area. Therefore, the entire area of a unit pixel may be used as a reflective area or a transmissive area, and thus an aperture ratio may be improved in a reflection mode or a transmission mode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) includes a first substrate including a display area displaying images and a peripheral area surrounding the display area, a common pad formed in the peripheral area of the first substrate, an insulating layer formed on the common pad and having a common contact hole exposing the common pad, an assistance common pad formed on the insulating layer of the peripheral area and contacting the common pad through the common contact hole, a second substrate corresponding to the first substrate, and a common electrode formed on the second substrate, and a conductive sealant disposed between the assistance common pad and the common electrode of the peripheral area, the conductive sealant electrically connecting the assistance common pad and the common electrode, wherein the common contact hole is disposed between the conductive sealant and the display area.

Abstract: An automobile entertainment system includes a plurality of video systems, each video system mounted within an automobile headrest. The headrest includes a headrest body and a first downwardly extending extension arm having a passage extending therethrough. The entertainment system also includes a central switching assembly linking the plurality of video systems. At least one of the video systems includes an output transmitting signals to the central switching assembly to transfer to the remaining video systems. Each video system also includes an input transmitting signals from the central switching assembly to the respective video systems.

Abstract: A method of biasing a memory cell array during a data writing operation and a semiconductor memory device, in which the semiconductor memory device includes: a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells in which a first terminal of a memory cell is connected to a corresponding first line of a plurality of first lines and a second terminal of the memory cell is connected to a corresponding second line of a plurality of second lines; a bias circuit for biasing a selected second line of the second lines to a reference voltage and a non-selected second line to a first voltage; and a local word line address decoder applying the reference voltage or a pumping voltage corresponding to the first voltage to the bias circuit.

Abstract: To improve product yield, light is scanned on a layer on a substrate through a mask. A pattern is formed on the substrate by the exposure of the layer. The direction of scanning is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the pattern. The capacitance difference due to coupling of the pattern to be formed and a conductive layer formed through an insulation layer is reduced. Thus, failures of a display device are reduced and the product yield is increased.

Abstract: An appliance having programmable identification address storing non-memory includes a non-memory programmable address storing device. An ID address of the appliance is programmed using an electric fuse even when the appliance does not include non-volatile memory (NVM) or another memory. Accordingly, in portable appliances such as a portable audio device (an MP3 player) that supports Bluetooth communications the ID address can be stored by the appliance. Further, ID addresses of appliances, such as transmitting/receiving devices used in IEEE communications and mobile communications, can be stored without a need for NVM or another memory. The ID addresses can be assigned to these appliances by programming of an application designer.

Abstract: A physical layer unit (PLU) for receiving (and transmitting) various signals, a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) system including the PLU, and a wireless LAN method using the wireless LAN system. The wireless LAN system is capable of receiving signals of different standards, by performing a first preamble processing of an input signal for a predetermined first time period of 16 ?s (the preamble processing time period according to an OFDM standard for determining whether the input signal corresponds to the OFDM standard), and performing a second preamble processing within a predetermined second time period (the remainder of a preamble processing time period for determining whether the input signal corresponds to a DSSS/CCK standard), if the input signal does not correspond to the OFDM standard. Therefore, DSSS/CCK and OFDM signals can be transmitted and received reliably in the integrated wireless LAN system according to the IEEE 802.11.g standard.

Abstract: A method for network intrusion detection on a network comprising a plurality of state machines for passing a plurality of network packets comprises determining frequency distributions for each transition within each state machine, determining the distributions of values of each state machine on each transition, and comparing the distributions to observed statistics in the network, and upon determining that the observed statistics are outside defined limits, detecting an anomaly.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device includes forming a gate pad on a substrate, forming an electrode and a data pad, forming a passivation layer on the electrode and data pad, etching the passivation layer to form first, second, and third contact holes for exposing the electrode, gate pad, and data pad, forming a transparent electrode and simultaneously forming a gate pad electrode and a data pad electrode connected to the gate pad and the data pad through the second and third contact holes, forming a barrier metal layer and a reflective layer on the transparent electrode and the pad electrodes, annealing the reflective layer for preventing lifting of the reflective layer, and patterning the reflective layer and the barrier metal layer to form a reflective electrode and a barrier metal layer pattern on the transparent electrode, wherein the barrier metal layer pattern and the reflective electrode are formed only on the transparent electrode excluding the first contact hole.