Abstract: One set of four extensometers bolted onto opposite faces of two mill posts of a universal rolling mill stand are responsive to a total site strain caused by simultaneous application of horizontal- and vertical-roll forces in the mill stand. Extensometer output signals are corrected individually for a variable zero drift component. The four zero-corrected signals are resolved to provide simultaneous indications of sum and differences of horizontal-roll forces in the two mill posts, the same indications for the vertical-roll forces, and selective individual site and post strains.

Abstract: Strand surface temperature is measured accurately at multiple stations in spray cooling region of a continuous metal caster where environmental conditions are severe. Each station includes a pyrometer having a light pipe with a tip aimed at the strand and provided with both air and water wash streams. Control devices, operating in response to sequence timers, periodically resets measuring circuits, interrupts each strand cooling spray and light pipe wash water stream, and turns on the air wash stream, all during a short temperature sampling period. Selection of sampling period is governed by light pipe location, pyrometer response time, and strand reheat properties when spray is off. The peak temperature measured at each station is stored as the true strand temperature for that location. Thereafter strand and light pipe cooling are restored while the air wash is interrupted. Stored temperature signals may be recorded and analyzed to define caster operating parameters and cooling practices.

Abstract: Optical field scanning pyrometer system having oscillating scan mirror in stationary detector head scans field to measure temperature of moving hot bar or sheet which vibrates in field. Pyrometer scans through the permissible range of product movement to detect the hot product and measures and stores its temperature. The stored temperature signal is continuously fed to an external analytical computer and is updated at the end of each scan. The stored temperature signal is also displayed and recorded, but up-dating is less frequent. Scanning time and width can be varied to suit various process requirements.

Abstract: Heat removal in a continuous metal casting machine may now be gauged by new normalized thermal parameters instead of the conventional coolant temperature differential parameter. One new thermal parameter is caster mold heat removal rate per unit length of peripheral mold face. This enables a direct comparison of mold sizes and designs. A second new parameter is mold face specific heat removal as a function of the first new parameter and casting speed. The second new parameter is indicative of strand skin growth without actually measuring skin thickness. Third and fourth new parameters are derived by independently ratioing the first and second new parameters so as to reference to a base mold face with the other mold faces. All of the new thermal parameters may also be used to gauge heat removal from caster spray cooling and roll cooling zones. Instrumentation is provided for computing the new thermal parameters during caster operation.

Abstract: Self-contained portable recording instrument is particularly useful at field sites for recording the magnitude of both welding current and operating duration. A second embodiment is adapted to record the magnitude of welding current, voltage and operating duration. Strip chart records provide analysts with means for determining operator incentive pay when working on field assignments. Records enable determining the quality and duration of actual welds, as well as the occurrence of operator-simulated welding time.