Abstract: Coal can be freed of ion-exchangeable sodium by contacting it with aqueous solutions of CO.sub.2 or formic or acetic acids at a mine mouth or contacting it with aqueous CO.sub.2 while transporting it in a pipeline.
Abstract: A coal or similar carbonaceous fuel is selectively freed of sodium by water washing it and ion exchanging the washed coal with a strong aqueous electrolyte solution which is substantially free of sodium ions and contains a kind and concentration of ions which are correlated with the composition of the coal to cause a selective removal of ion-exchangeable sodium from the coal, with at least a significant proportion of the ion-exchanging being conducted within a pipeline.
Abstract: Particles are resin-coated in a remote location, such as a subterranean reservoir or a sand or gravel pack, by contacting them with a cationic aqueous emulsion which contains a resin-forming mixture of a polyepoxide and a relatively water-soluble tertiary-amine that is capable of both catalyzing the polymerization of the polyepoxide and oil-wetting of solid surfaces.