Abstract: The invention relates to a cassette, in particular an X-ray cassette, for receiving a storage fluorescent screen. The cassette has on one of its narrow sides an opening through which the storage fluorescent screen is to be inserted into or removed from the cassette. The opening is closable by a flap which is displaceable between a closed position in which it closes the opening and a release position in which it releases the opening for insertion or removal of the storage fluorescent screen. For this purpose the flap is mounted swivellably to the transition between the narrow side of the cassette provided with the opening and the base of the cassette or the cassette lid.

Abstract: An engine comprises a working cylinder provided with a piston, a preignition chamber provided with a spark plug and a combustion chamber which are connected to a compressor cylinder by channels. The compressor cylinder is provided with fuel and air supplying channels arranged in the top section thereof and with a piston and a shutoff valve. Return valves are mounted at the output of the valve supplying air to the compressor cylinder. The corresponding method for operating the engine consists in adjusting the velocity of a fuel-air mixture injection into the preignition chamber and the combustion chamber by modifying pressure in the compressor cylinder. When the fuel-supply impulse is increased, the pressure is also increased and vice-versa, when the impulse is reduced, the pressure is also lowered, thereby ensuring an air/fuel ratio in the preignition chamber equal to 8:1-20:1.

Abstract: A detector system for a fiber optic component is insensitive to stray light. Specifically, the invention comprises a detector chip, which converts received light into an electric signal. A baffle substrate is positioned over the detector chip. This baffle substrate has a transmission port through which an optical signal is transmitted to the detector chip. As a result, light that is not directed to be transmitted through the port is blocked by the baffle substrate. In this way, it rejects stray light that may be present in the hermetic package. A detector substrate is provided on which the detector chip is mounted. This detector substrate preferably comprises electrical traces to which the detector chip is electrically connected. The detector substrate can further comprise bond pads for wire bonding to make electrical connections to the electrical traces.

Abstract: An x-ray source comprises a structured anode that has a thin top layer made of the desired target material and a thick bottom layer made of low atomic number and low density materials with good thermal properties. In one example, the anode comprises a layer of copper with an optimal thickness deposited on a layer of beryllium or diamond substrate. This structured target design allows for the use of efficient high energy electrons for generation of characteristic x-rays per unit energy deposited in the top layer and the use of the bottom layer as a thermal sink. This anode design can be applied to substantially increase the brightness of stationary, rotating anode or other electron bombardment-based sources where brightness is defined as number of x-rays per unit area and unit solid angle emitted by a source and is a key figure of merit parameter for a source.

Abstract: A director is provided to receive source address instances of packets routed through routing devices of a network. The director determines whether any of the reported source address instances are to be deemed as spoof source address instances. The director further determines where filtering actions are to be deployed to filter out packets having certain source addresses deemed to be spoof instances. The director makes its determinations based at least in part on a selected one of a number of consistency measures. The consistency measures may include but are not limited to spatial consistency, destination consistency, migration consistency, and temporary consistency. The consistency measures are evaluated using spatial, destination source address range, migration and timing S/D/M/T distribution profiles of the reported source addresses.

Abstract: A method for reducing the fogging effect in an electron beam lithography system wherein the exposure is controlled in order to obtain resulting pattern after processing which conforms to design data. A model for the fogging effect is fitted by individually changing at least the basic input parameters of the control function, the function type is chosen in accordance to the Kernel type used in the proximity corrector. The proximity effect is considered as well and an optimized set of parameters is obtained in order to gain a common control function for the proximity and fogging effect. The pattern writing with an e-beam lithographic system is controlled by the single combined proximity effect control function and the fogging effect control function in only one data-processing step using the same algorithms as are implemented in a standard proximity corrector.

Abstract: The system for transmission and reception of QAM signals for use in telecommunication networks for any data rates at SNR (signal to noise ratio) of below 0 dB comprises two devices. The first device may be used for transmission Units (1)-(4) transform input bit information sequence (17) with the clock frequency ft (18) into two parallel m-level sequences with the clock frequency ft/2k forming the first and second channels, where k=log2(m). Unit (5) forming additional signals Cos ? ? t ? t 4 ? k , A · Sin ? ? t ? t 4 ? k , where ?t=2?ft. Units (6), (7) multiply m-level sequences of the first and second channels with signal Cos ? ? t ? t 4 ? k for removal phase ambiguity at reception end, and units (8), (9) adding with signal A · Sin ? ? t ? t 4 ? k ? t , defining level of the additional pilot-signal in output spectrum.

Abstract: An optical arrangement for a microscope, in particular for a scanning microscope, with a beam splitter 1 arranged in a divergent and/or convergent beam path for separating an illumination light 2 that is produced by an illumination source from a detection light 3 that is emitted by a sample being tested, which with regard to reliable correction of imaging errors can be implemented and developed even when using thick beam splitters 1 such that the beam splitter 1 is wedge-shaped and implemented as a beam splitter plate for reflection primarily at a glass-air interface 4. Furthermore, a microscope with such an optical arrangement is disclosed.

Abstract: A cassette (1) for a storage phosphor plate (2) comprises a cassette housing (4) with an opening (7) and a support (3) disposed movably within the cassette housing (4), wherein the storage phosphor plate (2) lies on the support (3). In order to simplify the structure of the cassette (1) and of the corresponding removal mechanism, provision is made such that the support (3) can be moved, together with the storage phosphor plate (2) lying on top of it, through the opening (7) of the cassette housing (4), at least partially from the inside of the cassette housing (4), and the storage phosphor plate (2) lying on the support (3) can be taken from the support (3) when the support (3) is located, with the storage phosphor plate (2) lying on top of it, at least partially outside of the cassette housing (4).

Abstract: The invention relates to an image carrier for the storage of X-ray information, as well as a corresponding system and method for the processing of such an image carrier. In order to improve the reliability when taking account of the sensitivity of the image carrier to X-radiation, the image carrier includes an electronic memory for the storage of calibration data of the image carrier that represent a measure of the sensitivity of the image carrier to X-radiation and can be used in a processing of image signals that are obtained on a reading of the X-ray information from the image carrier.

Abstract: A system for inspecting a disc-shaped substrate 5 is disclosed. The system 100 is surrounded by a housing. A table 2 that is movable in at least an X-direction and a Y-direction and is borne by a mounting plate 22 is provided within the housing 50. The mounting plate 22 is vibration isolated in comparison to the housing 50. Equally, an exhaust unit 40 is provided beneath the mounting plate 22 and arranged at a distance from it. The exhaust unit 40 possesses an opening 36 for air entry. The opening 36 for air entry is provided in the exhaust unit between an end of the mounting plate 22 and a wall of the housing 50.

Abstract: The invention relates to chemical industry and can be used for extracting perchlorate-ion from a highly concentrated processing solution having a complex nitrate-chloride-sulphate-iodate composition. The inventive method for extracting perchlorate-ion from an aqueous solution comprises passing the solution through a highly basic anionite and subsequent regeneration of the said anionite in a metal salt aqueous solution. The anionite in the nitrate form is used as an anionite, and its regeneration is performed in an aqueous solution of alkali or alkali-earth metal nitrate at the temperature of 0-60° C.

Abstract: A dual membrane, single cavity MEMS Fabry-Perot filter has a cavity that is defined between two mirror structures that are located on separate MEMS membranes. This configuration can yield a number of advantages. First, the membranes will be typically subject to the same mechanical vibrations, thus, will vibrate together. This vibration, however, will be rejected as common mode, however. Moreover, since the membranes will move in opposed directions in the gravitational field, the dual membrane device is insulated against passband shifts resulting from changes in orientation in the gravitational field. Finally, since each membrane can now be deflected separately, the scanning range is effectively doubled without increases in the size of the electrostatic cavities.

Abstract: A test mask 1 for microscopy is disclosed, which is formed on a substrate of quartz. The test mask 1 comprises a multiplicity of sub-masks 4, which are implemented such that each sub-mask 4 comprises structures which differ within a sub-mask 4 with regard to form and size. In addition, the structures of the individual sub-masks 4 are designed for optical or particle optical measurements according to size.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the optical inspection of the surface of semi-conductor substrate. An image (1) is captured on the surface of the semi-conductor substrate which is covered with a thin layer. Said image is made of a plurality of pixels having associated colour values and intensities. The frequency distribution of pixels having equal colour co-ordination values is calculated (3,4,5) from the colour values in a colour range (2), said colour range having a colour intensity and colour co-ordinates. The thus calculated frequency distribution is used (7, 9) to compare a second correspondingly calculated frequency distribution or a variable derived therefrom. According to the invention, the colour shift (9) and/or differences (7) in the colour distribution are determined according to fluctuations in the intensity of the illumination.

Abstract: A technique for fabricating the required surface shapes for micro optical elements, such as curved micro mirrors and lenses, starts with a simple, binary for example, approximation to the desired surface shape. Then polishing, e.g., chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), is used to form the smooth optical surface. Specifically, starting with a mesa or blind hole, with a mesa profile, a smooth mirror or lens structure is fabricated.

Abstract: An external cavity laser has a mirror-based resonant tunable filter, such as a Fabry Perot tunable filter or Gires-Tournois interferometer tuning element, with the tunable filter being preferably used as a laser cavity mirror. A mirror-based resonant tunable filter is selected in which the spectral response in reflection has an angular dependence. A tilt scheme is used whereby by selecting an appropriate angle between the filter's nominal optical axis and the cavity optical axis, a narrowband peak spectral reflection is provided to the laser cavity. This tunable narrowband spectral reflection from the filter is used to lock and tune the laser output wavelength.

Abstract: A phase contrast x-ray microscope has a phase plate that is placed in proximity of and attached rigidly to the objective to form a composite optic. This enables easier initial and long-term maintenance of alignment of the microscope. In one example, they are fabricated on the same high-transmissive substrate. The use of this composite optic allows for lithographic-based alignment that will not change over the lifetime of the instrument. Also, in one configuration, the phase plate is located between the test object and the objective.

Abstract: A stacked semiconductor chip package comprising a first semiconductor chip having an upper surface, a lower surface opposed to said upper surface, and a plurality of conductive metal lines formed on said upper surface of said first semiconductor chip; a plurality of metal elements each having a first arm portion located on said upper surface of said first semiconductor chip and connected electrically to a corresponding one of said metal lines, a second arm portion located on said lower surface of said first semiconductor chip; and a second semiconductor chip having a lower surface and a plurality of conductive bumps provided on said lower surface, and mounted on said upper surface of said first semiconductor chip in such a manner that said solder bumps of said second semiconductor chip is electrically connected to said corresponding conductive metal lines on said upper surface of said first semiconductor chip.

Abstract: A digital x-ray phase contrast soft tissue imaging and mammography system offers significant cancer detection sensitivity and a significant improvement in accurate detection and interpretation of mammograms. In addition, the proposed system produces digital mammograms and thus has the advantages of digital mammography. The system overcomes the limitation of the current approaches to mammography using phase contrast effects and offers substantially higher performance than the current mammography used in hospitals and clinics. The proposed system uses the phase contrast imaging, in a breast and other soft tissue structures, instead of absorption contrast employed in the current x-ray mammography, allowing detection of smaller disease structures with substantial reduction in radiation dose.