Abstract: A hydrogenated liquid product is obtained from coal by treating the feed coal with hydrogen-containing gas and a hydrogen-donor solvent in a coal liquefaction reactor, separating the liquefaction reactor product into a vaporous fraction and a normally liquid hydrocarbon fraction, treating the vaporous fraction for the removal of ammonia and acid gases, fractionating the normally liquid hydrocarbon fraction to obtain a distillate fraction and a bottoms fraction boiling above about 1000.degree. F., and thereafter introducing the treated vaporous fraction and at least a portion of the distillate fraction, along with fresh hydrogen, into a catalytic solvent hydrogenation reactor for the production of solvent and additional product liquids.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil having both high positive and high negative direct current breakdown voltage values is prepared by catalytically reforming a petroleum naphtha or similar feedstock and then fractionating or otherwise treating the reformed material to produce a highly aromatic oil which boils in the range between about 400.degree. and about 700.degree. F., contains less than about 1.0 weight percent of polar compounds, and includes less than about 2.5 weight percent of aromatic compounds having four or more condensed aromatic rings per molecule. This aromatic oil may be blended with up to about 75 volume percent, based on the total blend, of a low aromatic petroleum fraction which has been hydrogen treated, solvent extracted or acid treated to reduce its aromatics content to a level less than about 20% by weight. The aromatic oil or blend may be hydrogen treated or contacted with an adsorbent to improve further its stability and other properties.

Abstract: In a coal liquefaction process wherein heavy bottoms produced in a liquefaction zone are upgraded by coking or a similar pyrolysis step, pyrolysis liquids boiling in excess of about 1000.degree. F. are further reacted with molecular hydrogen in a reaction zone external of the liquefaction zone, the resulting effluent is fractionated to produce one or more distillate fractions and a bottoms fraction, a portion of this bottoms fraction is recycled to the reaction zone, and the remaining portion of the bottoms fraction is recycled to the pyrolysis step.

Abstract: Heavy bottoms produced by the liquefaction of coal or similar carbonaceous solids are converted into more valuable products by adding an alkaline earth metal compound to the bottoms in a concentration sufficient to give, following pyrolysis of the bottoms, an alkaline earth metal-to-carbon atomic ratio of from about 0.005:1 to about 0.1:1; pyrolyzing the bottoms at a temperature of from about 900.degree. to about 1600.degree. F. to produce gases, hydrocarbon liquids and coke or char containing added alkaline earth metal constituents; and thereafter gasifying the char with steam.