Abstract: An improved method to automatically generate one or more useful alternatives to the least-cost point-to-point route on a road network. The method discourages reuse of road sections that have been previously used by inflating the costs associated with these road sections before the recalculation of the search algorithm.

Abstract: Components of and method for making a tube and fitting framework having panel recesses accepting structural panels in a plane tangent to the tubes. The tubes and fittings allow easy assembly of large structures. The panels secured within the panel recesses bear loads imposed on the structure and minimize torque at the fittings. The finished structure is streamlined, with flush junctions of all components. Alternative embodiments include panel recesses in angular or channeled shapes which act to secure the panels to the framework, and other panel securing devices which are externally invisible on the completed structure. Panel securing devices include screws, bolts, studs, pins, adhesives, welding and equivalents. Fittings are secured to tubes by connectors which may engage the interior of the tube in known ways, or by use of O-rings or rubber flanges. Tubes, fittings and panels may be made of any of a wide range of materials including metals, alloys, plastics, rubbers, wood, and composites.