Abstract: A circuit arrangement with a digital controller for operating an electric motor and a method for starting an electric motor are disclosed. Electric motors require a considerably higher current immediately after they have been switched on and during the running-up phase because of the inductance of the motor windings. In order to increase the control sensitivity of the controller for the normal operation, the control range of a digital controller is switched over into a higher current range for the running-up phase. For the normal operation of the motor, the control range of the controller is switched back again into a lower current range. As a result, the control sensitivity of the controller is completely available for the normal operation of the motor.

Abstract: Television receivers are increasingly making use of digital signal processing. Present-day television receivers use a line-coupled clock system in this case, since this produces an orthogonal pixel array for signal processing on the picture screen. The disadvantage of such a clock grid resides in its problematical generation, in particular when video recorders are used as signal source. According to the invention, video signals are digitized and processed by means of a free-wheeling system clock made from a quartz oscillator. In order not to have to use large buffer memories, the vertical deflection is synchronized with the input signal, but the number of lines per field or frame is varied.

Abstract: Coarse symbol synchronization is carried out during reception, for tuning, the signal being correlated in the time domain with various copies of itself which are shifted in time and correspond to the possible transmission modes. The present mode, the present guard interval and a sampling window are derived from this.

Abstract: The invention relates to a special structure of an electro-optic cell or pixel in a liquid crystal screen that improves the transmittance compared with prior-art screens. The pixel is formed by two substrate layers, on one of which there is a pixel electrode and on the other a counter-electrode, with a layer of liquid crystal molecules between these electrodes, in which the counter-electrode is divided into two parts by a groove, wherein a non-zero polarization voltage is applied between the electrode and the counter-electrode when the pixel is not addressed.

Abstract: Digital remodulation systems typically include digital to analog converters which have an inherent undesirable sin(x)/x frequency response. Digital remodulated signals are typically high frequency and thus not conducive to sin(x)/x pre-correction prior to digital to analog conversion. Described herein is apparatus and a method for pre-correcting the sin(x)/x roll off of the digital to analog converter in the digital signal path prior to the digital modulator which precedes the digital to analog converter. This apparatus corresponds to a cascading of spectrally symmetric and anti-symmetric transversal filters designed to compensate a relatively small portion of the frequency response of the resulting analog signal.

Abstract: A method for generating digital carrier signals for application as the carrier to a digital modulator includes providing a first repeating sequence of complex values occurring at a given sample rate and upsampling these values to a higher sample rate. A second repeating sequence of complex values is provided, wherein respective complex values in the second repeating sequence occur at the higher sample rate. The second sequence of complex values is employed to modulate the upsampled first sequence of complex values and thereby provide the complex carrier signal.

Abstract: Analog to digital converters with enhanced performance in the presence of clock noise interference are configured with sampling clock phase selection circuitry to enable operation of the converter at the optimum sampling time intervals with respect to the interfering noise. The selection circuitry includes apparatus for generating a plurality of sampling clock phases and a multiplexer coupled to the plurality of phases to select the optimum clock phase.

Abstract: A dual wavelength optical pickup head in which as many same parts as possible are used as well to direct light beams incident than light beams reflected from a reflective layer of an optical disk. The reuse of as many parts as possible allows to and a second wavelength emitted by a first and a second light source to an optical disk, a dual focus lens objective for focusing said light beams on a layer of said optical disk and a single detector which allows to detect light beams of either said first or said second wavelength.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a manually operable air pump for providing a compressed flow of air to an air motor. An electrical generator is coupled to the air motor and is powered thereby. The generator in turn provides electrical power to a portable electrical device. In one embodiment, device is disposed in a shoe and the air pumping is manually provided by the user's walking or running. In another embodiment, the air pump comprises squeegy devices for each hand of a runner or walker.

Abstract: An insert for a cigarette lighter socket includes a body and a contact rejuvenation tip protruding from and non-rotatable relative to the body. The contact rejuvenation tip includes abrasive elements on its surface for contacting an electrical contact in a cigarette lighter socket. In a preferred embodiment, the abrasive elements are pyramidal in shape and situated on an end surface of the contact rejuvenation tip. The abrasive elements scrape off electrically insulating material on an electrical contact in a cigarette lighter socket as the contact rejuvenation tip is rotated relative to the contact in the cigarette lighter socket. The insert includes a flexible strip attached to the body for resiliently centering a part of said body and said contact rejuvenation tip within said cigarette lighter socket.

Abstract: A method for coding digitized frames of a stroboscope-like special effects film is proposed, in which alternately a first number of frames of a first film scene and a second number of frames of a second film scene is shown. Two frame buffers (30, 32) are available for coding the frames. The method is characterized by the fact that the two frame buffers (30, 32) are operated separately so that in each case one of the frame buffers (30) is permanently used for predicting frames of the first film scene and the other frame buffer (32) is permanently used for predicting frames of the second film scene. In addition, a corresponding method for decoding frames coded in this manner and devices for coding and decoding digitized frames of a stroboscope-like special effects film are also proposed.

Abstract: A frequency compensation circuit influences an X-radiation protection (XRP) circuit in a high voltage regulator circuit for a cathode ray tube (CRT) to operate properly under varying frequencies of voltage energizing a high voltage transformer. The frequency compensation circuit includes an input to a source of first voltage related to a high voltage output of the high voltage regulator circuit, a voltage source generator responsive to a high voltage generator frequency of the CRT. A voltage controlled circuit is responsive to the voltage source generator for controlling conveyance of the first voltage to the XRP circuit so that a relatively constant proportion of the high voltage output is reported to the XRP circuit under varying high voltage generator frequencies.

Abstract: For audio coding, the MPEG-2 standard provides for a spatial representation by multi-channel reproduction. In order to ensure backwards compatibility with MPEG-1 signals, the signals of the multi-channel sound channels are matrixed. Before being matrixed, the audio signals generally have their levels reduced in order to prevent overdriving. In order to balance again the reduction at the encoder end, an option that is provided in the MPEG-2 standard is for a decoder to raise the output levels again. If, however, a transmission error then occurs in the multi-channel section, the decoder cannot carry out the reverse matrixing. In that case, only the MPEG-1-compatible signal component will be decoded. The auditory impression can therefore be disturbed in various ways during the changeover to MPEG-1 decoding.

Abstract: According to the invention, parts of the setting mechanism are integrated into the housing and/or setting mechanisms are arranged in such a way that they assume not only the setting function of one axis but also the guiding function of a further axis. The setting mechanisms are formed by eccentric bolts. Guiding pins serve for guidance in one axis. Clamping screws serve for fixing the adjusted axes. Slots serve as guiding aids in the various axes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for protecting an information item transmitted from a security element to a decoder and a protection system using such a process. The information item is protected by encrypting within the security element the information item to be transmitted to the decoder and by decrypting this information item within the decoder. The invention applies to conditional-access systems.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for automatically setting a gain in a control loop using a tuning signal provides in a one method step, measurement of existing gain while a tuning signal is input, and then calculating consequent gain changes, which is to be carried out in the control loop, from a measured value for the gain. The reciprocal of the measured gain is calculated and the reciprocal of measured gain is used to calculate a gain change to automatically re-establish the gain.