Abstract: An oxidizable hydrocarbon is oxidized in a reaction zone at elevated temperature in the presence of a liquid reaction medium by introducing the hydrocarbon and a feed stream containing molecular oxygen to the reaction zone under conditions sufficient to oxidize at least a portion of the hydrocarbon; withdrawing at least a portion of the liquid reaction medium from the reaction zone; passing at least a portion of the withdrawn liquid reaction medium to an oxygen injection zone located external to the reaction zone; contacting the liquid in said oxygen-injection zone with a gas stream containing molecular oxygen under conditions sufficient to form a two-phase gas/liquid mixture; and passing said two-phase gas/liquid mixture to the reaction zone as the feed of molecular oxygen thereto.

Abstract: A process for the production of carbamates is provided in which an organic primary or secondary amine is contacted, in the substantial absence of reactive oxygen, with a source of carbon monoxide, an organic compound containing at least one hydroxyl group, and a metal reactant comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of compounds and complexes of Group VIII of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: A process for the production of carbamates is provided in which an organic primary or secondary amine is contacted, in the substantial absence of reactive oxygen, with a source of carbon monoxide, an organic compound containing at least one hydroxyl group and a source of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of non-halide compounds and complexes of metals of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB and IIIA of the Periodic Table. Further improved results are obtained by employing in the reaction zone at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of metals of Group IA and IIA of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: A process for the production of carbamates is provided which comprises contacting an organic primary or secondary amine with a source of carbon monoxide, an organic compound containing at least one hydroxyl group and a source of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, in the presence of a catalyst for the reaction and in the presence of at least one member selected from the group consisting of disulfides of the formulaR.sup.1 --S--S--R.sup.2wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 comprise members selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkanoyl, aranoyl, halogenated derivatives of the foregoing groups, and derivatives of the foregoing groups in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom.

Abstract: A process is provided for inhibiting the rate of corrosion of titanium metal surfaces from attack by strong acid media in which at least a portion of the titanium metal surface is coated with rhodium metal to provide a treated metal surface which is substantially impervious to corrosion by strong acid media. The article so prepared appears to be uniquely impervious to corrosion by strong acid media and is also claimed herein.

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic dehydration of alcohols to form unsaturated organic compounds is provided in which an alcohol is dehydrated in the presence of alumina catalysts which are pre-treated with an organic silylating agent at elevated temperature.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium and in the presence of a promoter comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkyl ammonium salts, to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: According to the present invention an impure liquid containing ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, lower carboxylate esters of the glycol, water, carboxylic acid and glycol-azeotroping agent is treated for removal of substantially all of said glycol-azeotroping agent by a process which comprises distilling the impure liquid in a distillation zone to form an overheads product comprising water and glycol-azeotroping agent and a bottoms product comprising the glycol, esters and carboxylic acid, which is substantially free of said glycol-azeotroping agent, said bottoms product containing water in an amount of at least about 1 weight percent of the amount of water passed to said distillation zone with said impure liquid.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of nucleophilically ring-substituted aromatic compounds from an aromatic-thallium (III) metallate is provided in which the aromatic-thallium (III) metallate is contacted with a source of the nucleophile to form the desired substituted aromatic compound, which may be recovered from the reaction mixture as by distillation. Exemplary processes include the preparation of aniline and phenol from benzene.

Abstract: A process is provided for extracting monovalent thallium and alkali metal values from a liquid medium containing a carboxylic acid having limited solubility in water and containing dissolved trivalent thallium values, monovalent thallium values and, optionally, alkali metal compound, which comprises contacting the carboxylic acid medium with an extractant comprising an acidic aqueous medium having a pH of not greater than about 6 to preferentially extract monovalent thallium and alkali metal values into the aqueous medium, and recovering a raffinate comprising a treated carboxylic acid medium containing trivalent thallium carboxylate and depleted of monovalent thallium and alkali metal values.

Abstract: Trivalent thallium values are extractively recovered from aqueous media containing dissolved trivalent and monovalent thallium values by treating the aqueous medium with an extractant comprising a carboxylic acid medium having limited solubility in water to preferentially extract at least a portion of the dissolved trivalent thallium values into the carboxylic acid extractant medium and recovering a carboxylic acid extract containing the extracted trivalent thallium values as a separate phase.

Abstract: Ethylene glycol esters or propylene glycol esters are recovered from their mixtures with high- and low-boiling organo-halogens by (1) distilling the mixture in a first distillation zone to form a first bottoms stream comprising the high-boiling organo-halogen impurities and a first overhead stream comprising the ethylene glycol esters or propylene glycol esters together with the low-boiling organo-halogen impurities, and (2) distilling at least a portion of the first overhead stream in a second distillation zone to form a second overhead stream containing the low-boiling organo-halogen impurities and a second bottoms stream comprising the desired ethylene glycol esters or propylene glycol esters having a substantially reduced concentration of the organo-halogen impurities.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of ethylene oxide containing low levels of aldehydic impurities from an impure aqueous ethylene oxide solution containing the same is provided in which the impure solution is treated in a novel multi-stage, countercurrent distillation zone for improved separation of said aldehydic impurities and recovery of an ethylene oxide-containing product stream having the desired low concentration of aldehydic impurities.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium and in the presence of a promoter comprising a member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal compounds and heterocyclic tertiary amines, to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: Processes for the recovery of phenol values as cyclohexanol from the purification residue obtained in the amine purification of phenol. The recovery of phenol values may be effected by hydrogenation in the presence of a nickel catalyst and distilling the hydrogenation product to obtain cyclohexanol. Alternatively, the purification residue may be distilled and the distillate hydrogenated to produce a hydrogenation product from which cyclohexanol may be recovered by a second distillation.

Abstract: Process and apparatus are provided for producing ethylene by the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane wherein ethane is introduced to a cylindrical jet reactor wherein the ethane is reacted at elevated temperatures with a gas mixture containing oxygen and chlorine, introduced to the reactor through a jet positioned substantially coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the reactor.

Abstract: Apparatus for the control of steam-heating power plants to optimize the use of energy in producing the required steam and electrical power comprising means for sensing steam and electricity demands, means for comparing these sensed demands with the electricity and steam output of turbine means in the plant, and means for adjusting operating set points of the turbines and steam generator for coordinated control of power plant energy consumption and production.

Abstract: A method of improving the yield of plants such as legumes by the application thereto of plant growth regulants comprising nitro-oximino alkanoic acids and derivatives thereof having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer from 1 to 12 and wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of OR, SR, NRR' in which R and R' are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic, alkenyl and alkynyl, and OR" in which R" is an alkali metal.