Abstract: A process for producing lithium hypochlorite comprises admixing an aqueous hypochlorous acid solution having a concentration of 35 percent of greater by weight of HOCl with an aqueous slurry of lithium hydroxide at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. to about 20.degree. C. to produce a solution of lithium hypochlorite. The solution is concentrated by evaporation at temperatures in the range of from about 30.degree. to about 60.degree. C. and at subatmospheric pressures to form a paste of lithium hypochlorite. After separating the paste into a cake of lithium hypochlorite and a mother liquor, a potassium compound is admixed with the mother liquor. The process produces a highly pure solid lithium hypochlorite product having a concentration of at least 80 percent available chlorine.

Abstract: Novel nonionic antimicrobial amine glycidol compounds which may be used in cleaning compositions with anionics, nonionics or cationic surfactants as cleaning agents or a preservative in water-based functional fluids or surface coating compositions are represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof,Y represents H, ##STR2## or R', and mixtures thereof; R' represents an alkyl group, the sum total of carbon atoms in R+R' being from about 8 to about 18;n is from about 1 to about 6; andm+n are from about 2 to about 12;wherein the molar ratio of amine glycidol compound to surfactant is from about 10:1 to about 1:10.

Abstract: Aromatic hydrocarbons are readily recovered from aqueous solutions by contacting the aqueous solution with an oxidized activated carbon having a low concentration of acidic oxides.The novel oxidized activated carbon is produced by contacting activated carbon with an acidic oxidizing agent which is used in low concentrations.The process can be employed to reduce aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene from aqueous solutions such as industrial effluents or potable water supplies to levels permissible by environmental protection regulations.

Abstract: An aqueous solution comprising alkali metal hydrosulfite and hydroxide ions in an amount to provide a residual alkalinity of at least 0.25 moles per liter results in the decomposition of thiosulfate ions present and inhibits their formation during storage. These solutions can be used, for example, in the bleaching of mechanical pulp.

Abstract: A solid calcium hypochlorite composition contains hydrated calcium hypochlorite and an alkali metal salt of phosphonobutane polycarboxylic acid having an available chlorine concentration of at least 50 percent by weight and a water content of at least 4 percent by weight.It has been found that the use of the novel compositions of the present invention can significantly reduce scale formation in dispensers for calcium hypochlorite particularly where water having high total alkalinity is used. The prevention or inhibition of scale formation is accomplished without harmfully affecting other properties of the pool water such as the pH.

Abstract: A process for producing 1,2,4-triazol-5-one comprises reacting a semicarbazide compound with a formic acid compound formylating agent in the presence of a catalytic amount of a sulfur-oxygen containing acid.The process is able to produce 1,2,4-triazol-5-one from semicarbazide hydrochloride having significantly lower concentrations of chloride ion, which is advantageous, for example, in the production of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one as an explosive used in castable explosive compositions.

Abstract: A process for electrolyzing an aqueous catholyte solution comprising an alkali meal bisulfite to produce an alkali metal hydrosulfite in an electrolytic membrane cell having a cation exchange membrane separating a cathode compartment from an anode compartment, a porous cathode having a face adjacent the membrane, a back opposite, and a porous structure conjoining the face and the back, and a cathode-membrane gap between the porous cathode and the cation exchange membrane. The process comprises directing at least 50 percent of the volume of the aqueous alkali metal bisulfite catholyte through the porous cathode and transverse to the face and back of the cathode, the porous cathode having a ratio of total surface area to the projected surface area of at least about 30:1.High purity solutions of alkali metal hydrosulfites, such as sodium hydrosulfite having concentrations of at least 120 grams per liter, are produced at current densities in the range of 1.0 to 4.5 KA/m.sup.2 and at reduced cell voltages.

Abstract: A process for reducing excess nitric acid in an aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution. The process is conducted by reacting the aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution with a basic neutralizing agent such as nitric oxide, hydroxylamine vapor or a mixture thereof or by contacting the aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution with an anion exchange resin having a pKa in the range of from about 5 to about 9. The aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution may be produced by the electrolysis of nitric acid.

Abstract: A process for the purification of crude cyanuric acid containing aminotriazine compounds as impurities which comprises digesting the crude cyanuric acid in an aqueous solution containing low concentrations of a mineral acid. The mineral acid is, for example sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, or phosphoric acid. The digestion is operated at a temperature in the range of from about 120.degree. C. and about 220.degree. C. and autogenous pressure using a stoichiometric ratio of sulfuric acid to aminotriazine compounds of less than 1, to produce a slurry of purified cyanuric acid in an acid depleted ammonium sulfate solution.Purification of cyanuric acid by the process of the present invention permits a substantial reduction in the amounts of acid used in the digestion and the base required for ammonia stripping and neutralization of the spent acid from the digestion. This provides significant cost savings in the digestion and waste treatment methods.

Abstract: A process for producing 1,2,4-triazol-5-one reacts an aqueous hydrazine solution with urea to form a reaction mixture of semicarbazide and ammonia, the reaction mixture is concentrated and an aqueous solution of a mineral acid added to form a slurry of a salt of semicarbazide. A formic acid compound is admixed with the slurry, and the slurry heated to produce 1,2,4-triazol-5-one. The novel process results in the production of a semicarbazide salt in situ and eliminates a number of process steps required in processes of the prior art.

Abstract: In a process for the production of Alkyl substituted 5-amidotetrazole compounds represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein A represents NHX or NRR'X represents a lower alkyl groupR represents a lower alkyl group, andR' represents a lower alkyl group.reacts 5-aminotetrazole with an alkyl isocyanate or a dialkyl carbamoyl halide in a polar solvent.

Abstract: A process for the electrolysis of an alkali metal halide brine is operated in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment containing at least one anode, a cathode compartment containing at least one cathode, and a cation exchange membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment.

Abstract: Chlorine bleaching granules for colored fabrics which minimize fabric dye attach and fabric damage.This is accomplished in a bleaching granule for preventing dye attack of fabrics during bleaching, the granule comprising an alkali metal chloroisocyanurate, a buffering agent, and a mitigating agent, where the active alkalinity of the granule is from about 0 to about -9.

Abstract: In a process for the production of cellular products comprising thermoplastic or rubber materials the blowing agents employed have the formula: ##STR1## wherein A represents NHX, NRR' or ORX represents H or a lower alkyl group,R represents a lower alkyl group, andR' represents a lower alkyl group.The novel blowing agents provide high gas yields and have high decomposition temperatures while forming only inert nitrogen gas. They are particularly suitable for the production of cellular products from high temperature thermoplastic materials such as polycarbonates.

Abstract: In a process for the production of cellular products comprising thermoplastic or rubber materials the blowing agents employed have the formula: ##STR1## wherein A represents NHX, NRR' or ORX represents H or a lower alkyl group,R represents a lower alkyl group, andR' represents a lower alkyl group.The novel blowing agents provide high gas yields and have high decomposition temperatures while forming only inert nitrogen gas. They are particularly suitable for the production of cellular products from high temperature thermoplastic materials such as polycarbonates.

Abstract: Etching solutions used to etch, for example, silicon dioxide coated substrates in the manufacture of integrated circuits comprise an aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride and a wetting amount of an anionic sulfate ester of alkylphenol polyglycidol ether. Preferred embodiments of the anionic sulfate esters of alkylphenol polyglycidol ethers may be represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group having from about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms, x is from about 3 to about 15, M represents H, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or an amine, and y is from 0.2 to about 4. The etching solutions preferably contain hydrogen fluoride in a volume ratio of NH.sub.4 F to HF to from about 3:1 to about 50:1. The novel etching solutions of the present invention have excellent wetting characteristics and retain their wetting properties after extended periods of continuous filtration through sub-micron filters.

Abstract: Etching solutions used to etch, for example, silicon dioxide coated substrates in the manufacture of integrated circuits comprise an aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride and a wetting amount of a nonionic alkyl amine glycidol adduct. Preferred embodiments of the nonionic alkyl amine glycidol adducts employed in the etching solution of the present invention are those represented by the formulas: ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof,Y represents H, ##STR2## or mixtures thereof; n is from about 1 to about 20; andm+n are from about 2 to about 20; or ##STR3## wherein R' and R" represent independently selected alkyl groups, the sum total of carbon atoms in R'+R" being from about 8 to about 18; andX is from 1 to about 20.The etching solutions preferably contain hydrogen fluoride in a volume ratio of NH.sub.4 F to HF to from about 3:1 to about 50:1.

Abstract: Concentrated solutions of inorganic hydroxylammonium salts can safely be produced in a process for concentrating a dilute solution of an inorganic hydroxylammonium salt by contact with a membrane having a sorption side and a desorption side. The process comprises contacting the dilute solution with the sorption side of a membrane, which is substantially permeable to the solvent and substantially impermeable to the solute of the solution, to sorb the solvent and permit the solvent to flow through the membrane to the desorption side. Desorbing the solvent from the desorption side of the membrane.Highly concentrated aqueous solutions of hydroxylammonium salts which are heat sensitive are produced by the novel process of the invention which does not require directly heating the solution and is substantially free of hazards.

Abstract: A solution of hydroxylamine nitrate is electrolytically produced in an electrochemical cell having a cathode compartment, an anode compartment, and a separator between the cathode compartment and the anode compartment. The process comprises feeding a catholyte consisting essentially of an aqueous nitric acid solution to the cathode compartment. An anolyte solution is fed to the anode compartment. The catholyte is electrolyzed while maintaining the cathodic reaction temperature below about 50.degree. C. and a cathode half-cell potential at from about -0.5 to about -3 volts to produce a hydroxylamine nitrate solution which is recovered from the cathode compartment.The novel process of the present invention directly produces highly concentrated hydroxylamine nitrate solutions of high purity, i.e., suitable for use in a monopropellant.

Abstract: A continuous process for producing granular calcium hypochlorite particles comprises admixing lime and an aqueous liquid in a mixing zone to form a lime slurry. The lime slurry is fed into a crystallizing zone along with a calcium hypochlorite-containing liquid to produce a slurry of coarse dibasic calcium hypochlorite crystals and to elutriate a fines slurry from the crystallizing zone. The coarse dibasic calcium hypochlorite crystals are separated from a dibasic hypochlorite mother liquor and fed to a chlorinating zone. Reaction of the coarse dibasic calcium hypochlorite crystals with a chlorinating agent is conducted to produce a slurry of hemibasic calcium hypochlorite crystals. The slurry is fed to a separator to separate a hemibasic hypochlorite mother liquor from the hemibasic calcium hypochlorite crystals.