Abstract: A process for starting a polymerization of butadiene to produce polybutadiene in a gas phase reactor having a seed bed which comprises (i) passivating the reactor and the seed bed by introducing an aluminum alkyl having a concentration ranging from about 2,000 to 20,000 ppm and (ii) feeding the catalyst and co-catalyst to the reactor before the addition of the butadiene.

Abstract: There is provided a polymerization of a sticky polymer in the presence of a catalyst under polymerization conditions using carbon black as the inert particulate material, the improvement comprises conducting said polymerization in the presence of a carbon black that has been treated with a sulfur donor and/or an oxidizing agent.

Abstract: The invention is an oxalloy consisting essentially of about 5 to about 57 weight percent magnesium or aluminum and about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent of one or more alloying materials selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Ga, In, Sn, Sb, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and rare earths; and the remainder oxygen.The invention also includes a method for forming the above oxalloys and a substrate coated with the oxalloys of the present invention.

Abstract: The invention is an electrochemical cell comprising:(a) an anode; and(b) a cathode having a pyropolymer present on at least a portion of its surface.

Abstract: In a stacked plurality of similar electrolysis cells, each cell having an overhead gas for accumulating gasses produced thereby, the apparatus of the present disclosure includes a shaped transition tube connected to each cell. Inlet liquids and outlet gasses with their respective liquids to be fed and removed through a pair of respective adjacent headers.

Abstract: A process for forming a liquid-solid composition from a material which, when frozen from its liquid state without agitation, forms a dendritic structure. A material having a non-thioxotropic-type structure, in a solid form, is fed into an extruder. The material is heated to a temperature above its liquidus temperature. It is then cooled to a temperature less than its liquidus temperature and greater than its solidus temperature, while being subjected to sufficient shearing action to break at least a portion of the dendritic structures as they form. Thereafter, the material is fed out of the extruder.

Abstract: A process for producing a liquid-solid composition comprising heating a liquefiable material sufficiently to form a liquid phase with solid dendritic particles therein without completely liquefying the material and subjecting said liquid-solid material to a shearing action sufficient to break at least a portion of the dendritic structures. The process includes injection molding, forging or die casting the material produced by the process.

Abstract: The invention is a structural frame adapted for use in an electrochemical cell comprising:a plastic member with a plurality of horizontally and vertically spaced-apart shoulders protruding outwardly from opposing generally parallel first and second surfaces of said plastic member;at least one electrically conductive insert extending from an exterior face of a shoulder on the first surface of the plastic member, through the plastic member, to an exterior face of a shoulder on the second surface of the plastic member, wherein each of said shoulders annularly encircles and supports each of said insert;an electrically conductive, substantially completely hydraulically impermeable cover resistant to the corrosive effects of the electrolyte matingly contacting the first surface of said plastic member and with at least a portion of the inserts, said cover being adapted to minimize contact between the electrolyte and said plastic member;a gas permeable current collector positioned substantially parallel to the second

Abstract: The invention is a method for making an electrolytic unit havinga substantially planar, plastic, plastic member;a plurality of horizontally and vertically spaced apart shoulders on each side of the plastic member projecting outwardly therefrom and annularly encircling and supporting a plurality of electrically conductive inserts which extend from an exterior face of a shoulder on one surface of the plastic member, through the plastic member, to an exterior face of a shoulder on an opposite surface of the plastic member; anda frame structure composed of at least one piece and having an internal surface which sealably receives the external peripheral edges of the plastic member;said method comprising:attaching in any order:(a) a plurality of horizontally and vertically spaced apart shoulders to the plastic member;(b) at least one portion of the frame structure to the peripheral edges of the plastic member; and(c) a plurality of cover pieces to at least a portion of the horizontally and vertically spaced apart s

Abstract: An electrochemical cell structure frame and cell utilizing same comprising an organic plastic member having electrically conductive inserts extending through annular shoulders on respective coplanar surfaces of the plastic member. Electrically conductive, hydraulically impermeable anolyte and catholyte resistant covers matingly contact each respective coplanar surface of the plastic member. An electrically conductive, hydraulically permeable current collector is positioned substantially coplanar with and contacts at least a portion of one of the covers. An electrically conductive, hydraulically permeable, resilient mattress is positioned substantially coplanar with and contacts at least a portion of a side of the current collector opposite the side of the current collector which contacts the cover. A catalytically active electrode is positioned substantially coplanar with and contacts at least a portion of a side of the mattress opposite the side of the mattress which contacts the current collector.

Abstract: A structural frame adapted for use in a solid polymer electrochemical cell, which comprises a generally planar organic plastic member having a plurality of horizontally and vertically spaced-apart shoulders protruding outwardly from opposing generally coplanar anolyte and catholyte surfaces of the plastic member. Electrically conductive, hydraulically impermeable, anolyte and catholyte corrosion resistant covers are matingly affixed to the respective surfaces of the plastic member. A hydraulically permeable, electrically conductive, current collector is contacting and positioned adjacent the catholyte cover. An ion exchange membrane, having an electrically conductive, electrocatalytic material bonded to or embedded in the surface of the membrane is positioned adjacent and in contact with the current collector. The frames are removably and sealably positioned in coplanar relationship, each plastic member being spaced apart by an anode on one side and a cathode on the other.

Abstract: The present invention is a structural frame particularly suitable for use in an electrochemical cell. The frame comprises an organic plastic member with a plurality of horizontally and vertically spaced-apart shoulders protruding outwardly from opposing generally coplanar anolyte and catholyte surfaces of the plastic member. Each of the shoulders annularly encircles and supports an electrically conductive insert extending from an exterior face of a shoulder on the catholyte surface of the plastic member, through the plastic member, to an exterior face of a shoulder on the anolyte surface of the plastic member.An electrically conductive substantially completely hydraulically impermeable anolyte cover is matingly affixed to the anolyte surface of the plastic member and adapted to minimize contact between the anolyte and the plastic member. The anolyte cover is resistant to the corrosive effects of the anolyte.

Abstract: The invention is a method for forming a solid polymer electrolyte structure comprising:(a) heating a fluorocarbon membrane, while it is in its thermoplastic form, to a temperature at which it softens;(b) contacting a plurality of electrically conductive, catalytically active particles with at least a portion of one face of the membrane, while said membrane is in a softened state;(c) subjecting the membrane/particle combination to a pressure sufficient to embed at least a portion of the particles into the membrane;(d) contacting the particulated membrane with an electrically conductive, hydraulically permeable matrix,(e) subjecting the particulated membrane/matrix combination to a pressure sufficient to embed at least a portion of the matrix into the particulated membrane.

Abstract: The invention is an electrochemical terminal unit suitable for use in monopolar or bipolar electrochemical cells comprising:an electric current transmission element in the form of a substantially planar, continuous electrically conductive body having a plurality of bosses on at least one face of electric current transmission element;a metal liner having a profile matching the face of the electric current transmission element having the plurality of bosses;wherein said metal liner is made from a corrosion resistant metal and disposed over the opposite surfaces of said electric current transmission element;foraminous electrode components disposed over said liner and resting over said raised portions, said electrode components and said metal liner being connected together at least a portion of said bosses; andan electrical connection means for connecting a pole of an electric current power supply on at least one of the edges of said electric current transmission element.

Abstract: The invention is a method for sizing polytetrafluoroethylene fabrics comprising:(a) forming a sizing composition of a perfluorinated polymer containing sites convertible to ion exchange groups and a treating agent having: a boiling point less than about 110.degree. C.; a density of from about 1.55 to about 2.2; and a solubility parameter of from greater than about 7.1 to about 8.2 hildebrands;(b) contacting the sizing composition with the fibers of a polytetrafluoroethylene fabric; and(c) removing the treating agent from the sizing composition.Particularly preferred as a treating agent is a compound represented by the general formula:XCF.sub.2 --CYZX'wherein:X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I;X' is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I;Y and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and R';R' is selected from the group of perfluoroalkyl radicals and chloroperfluoroalkyl radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The invention is a method for forming a supported membrane film comprising:(a) at least partially coating a polytetrafluoroethylene fabric with a sizing composition;(b) contacting the coated polytetrafluoroethylene fabric with a membrane film having sites convertible to ion exchange groups; and(c) heating the polytetrafluoroethylene fabric and the membrane film while maintaining the fabric and the film in contact.

Abstract: A diaphragm or membrane for use in electrolysis cells resistant to chemical action thereof is disclosed. In the preferred and illustrated embodiment, a fluoropolymer binder cooperative with a random mix of carbon fibers up to about 13 mm long and up to about 0.01 mm in diameter forms such diaphragm or membrane. The carbon fibers are preferably pliable, nonbrittle, resilient, electrically nonconductive, impervious to chemical attack, and are annealed up to a specified temperature.

Abstract: The invention is an oxalloy consisting essentially of about 5 to about 57 weight percent magnesium or aluminum and about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent of one or more alloying materials selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Ga, In, Sn, Sb, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and rare earths; and the remainder oxygen.The invention also includes a method for forming the above oxalloys and a substrate coated with the oxalloys of the present invention.

Abstract: The present disclosure sets forth improvements in a cleaning procedure to clean electrodes exposed to hypochlorite in a measuring device. Typical measuring electrodes are made of platinum, gold, silver or other conductive metals. The electrode is dipped in a strong acid bath, a sacrificial oxide coated titanium electrode is placed in the bath and a DC power source is connected between the metal electrode requiring protection and the sacrificial electrode to create current flow until the surface has been treated. Current flow accomplishes the treatment after which the electrode can be removed and used in measuring hypochlorite concentration.

Abstract: The invention is a method for forming polymer films having a roughened surface using removable substrates comprising:(a) providing a removable substrate with a roughened surface;(b) forming a dispersion of a perfluorinated polymer containing sites convertible to ion exchange groups in a dispersant having: a boiling point less than about 110.degree. C.; a density of from about 1.55 to about 2.2; and a solubility parameter of from greater than about 7.1 to about 8.2 hildebrands;(c) depositing the dispersion onto the roughened, removable substrate;(d) removing the dispersant from the dispersion; and(e) removing the substrate.Particularly preferred as a dispersant is a compound represented by the general formula:XCF.sub.