Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process is disclosed for the dehydrogenation of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons such as ethylbenzene or ethyltoluene. A subatmospheric pressure is maintained in the reaction zone by the use of two separate compressors. The first compressor pressurizes the vapor phase reactor effluent prior to the final indirect heat exchange step(s) used to partially condense this stream. The second compressor maintains the vapor-liquid separator which receives the partially condensed reactor effluent stream at a subatmospheric pressure. This facilitates operation of the reactor at a subatmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Alkylated 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronapthalenols are effective antioxidants for fuel oils. Di- and tri-alkylated tetrahydronaphthalenols are especially effective, with the di- and tri-isopropylated materials being preferred, at a concentration as low as about 5 ppm.

Abstract: A radial flow reactor design which allows the maintenance of a temperature profile along the height of a catalyst bed which descends through the reactor by gravity flow. Two feed inlet conduits are provided on the inlet side of the annular catalyst bed, with the inlets being divided by a porous flow control and distribution means. The inlet streams have different temperatures and the distribution means produces a changing admixture rate between the two streams along the bed. A preferred form of the distribution means is an open-topped cone located within the centerpipe of the reactor.

Abstract: Sucrose which is found in thick juice such as obtained from sugar beet or sugar cane may be selectively extracted therefrom by passing an aqueous solution of the thick juice over a solid adsorbent comprising a stabilized type Y zeolite such as Union Carbide Corporation LZ-Y20 adsorbent, preferably bound with a water permeable organic polymer. The sucrose will be selectively adsorbed thereon and separated from other thick juice ingredients such as raffinose, KCl and betaine. The sucrose is then removed from the adsorbent by treatment with a desorbent material comprising an alcohol. The desorbent is flushed from the adsorbent with water prior to the subsequent contact of the adsorbent with the feed stream.

Abstract: A process for deashing primary coal liquids with a selective hydrocarbon solvent separation wherein the coal liquids and selective hydrocarbon solvent are contacted initially at a temperature greater than the temperature at which the deashing separation occurs. More particularly, a process for the production of deashed coal liquid which comprises the sequential steps of: (a) admixing a primary coal liquid containing ash and a hydrocarbon deashing solvent having no hydrogen-transferring ability at a selected admixing temperature from about 250.degree. F. to about 575.degree. F.; (b) reducing the temperature of the entire resulting admixture of the primary coal liquid and hydrocarbon deashing solvent to a deashing temperature about 50.degree. F. to about 125.degree. F. less than the admixing temperature of step (a); and deashing the primary coal liquid with the deashing solvent at the deashing temperature of step (b).

Abstract: Metal-ceramic composites may be prepared by treating the ceramic component of the composite with a second metal prior to subjecting the metal-ceramic composite to a sintering operation. By pretreating the ceramic component of the composite, it is possible to obtain a composite which will undergo sintering at an elevated temperature to form a composite which will possess desirable characteristics such as increased density, hardness and low thermal coefficient of expansion, thus enabling the composites to be utilized in a wide variety of applications.

Abstract: A process is disclosed in which the overhead vapor stream of a fractionation column is utilized as the working fluid which is depressurized to drive a turbine. The turbine may be used to generate electricity which is then used within the fractionation process or in another process, with a preferred use of the electricity being to supply heat to the bottom of the fractionation zone. The turbine is integrated into the overhead system of the column and the turbine effluent enters the overhead condenser to form liquid which may be used as reflux to the column.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion catalyst is disclosed which catalyst comprises a refractory inorganic oxide, a Group VIB metal component, a Group VIII metal component and a fluoride component wherein the last step in the catalyst preparation is the incorporation of the fluorine component and a subsequent calcination in contact with a flowing gas. Other embodiments of the present invention describe the use of the catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion and preferred methods of catalyst manufacture.

Abstract: Aqueous alcoholic solutions such as hydrous alkanols may be converted to the corresponding aldehyde in a process which involves high conversion levels and high selectivity levels by treating the solution with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least two oxides of metals selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron and chromium, one of said oxides being molybdenum oxide or tungsten oxide composited on a high surface area support. Reaction conditions which are employed in the process will include temperatures in the range of from about 200.degree. to about 400.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about atmospheric to about 50 atmospheres.

Abstract: Carbonaceous pyropolymers possessing recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms composited on a solid support may be prepared in a solid state process. The process is effected by treating a high surface area solid support such as an inorganic oxide as exemplified by alumina with an organic monomer which is capable of being polymerized by thermal, ionic, or free radical polymerization methods. The monomer is polymerized on the surface of the support under polymerization conditions and thereafter the polymer-coated support is subjected to pyrolysis at temperatures ranging from about 600.degree. to about 1200.degree. C. to form a carbonaceous pyropolymer. If so desired, this composite may then be subjected to the action of a dissolving agent under conditions which will dissolve or leach out the solid support, thus leaving a carbonaceous pyropolymer possessing recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Abstract: Theta-alumina is a hydrothermally stable support which can be used advantageously as an inert carrier for metals effective as a hydrogenation catalyst, thereby affording means to conduct hydrogenation in aqueous media. Ruthenium on theta-alumina is especially effective in reducing aqueous solution of carbohydrates to their polyols with high conversion and, in the case of glucose, high selectivity to sorbitol.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of aliphatic alcohol by the direct hydration of an olefinic hydrocarbon. The process is directed to the production of isopropyl alcohol. The process includes the recovery of the alcohol from a water-rich hydration zone effluent stream by countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction against a paraffinic solvent. The solvent is derived from paraffins originally admixed with the olefin-containing feed stream, and the raffinate stream comprises water which is recycled in the process. Expensive product fractionation is eliminated in the production of a fuel grade isopropyl alcohol.

Abstract: An adsorptive separation process for separating the para-isomers of a di-substituted benzene from a feed mixture comprising the para-isomer and at least one other isomer. One substituted group is NO.sub.2 -- and the other group is a normal hydrocarbon having less than 6 carbon atoms per molecule, the halogens, NH.sub.2 --, NO.sub.2 -- or C.tbd.N--. The process comprises contacting the feed mixture with an adsorbent comprising crystalline silica having a silica/alumina mole ratio of at least 12, selectively adsorbing substantially all of the para-isomer to the substantial exclusion of the remaining isomers and thereafter recovering high-purity para-isomer by means of desorption with an appropriate desorbent material.

Abstract: The polymers resulting from reaction of a 1,1,2,2-tetrahaloethane with a diamine of the type H.sub.2 NANH.sub.2, where A is a divalent aromatic moiety, may be doped with a variety of materials to afford electrically conducting polymeric compositions. Poly(ethyleneiminobenzene) is an especially useful material. Both p-type and n-type conductors may be formed.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons by the HF catalyzed reaction of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a C.sub.8 -plus acyclic olefin. A portion of the HF used as catalyst is regenerated by passage into a stripping column which has a primary function of stripping dissolved HF out of a hydrocarbonaceous mixture produced in the alkylation zone. This eliminates the requirement for a separate HF regeneration column and the costs associated with this column.

Abstract: The polymers resulting from reaction of a .alpha.,.alpha.,.alpha.',.alpha.'-tetrahaloxylene with a diamine of the type H.sub.2 NANH.sub.2, where A is a divalent aromatic moiety, may be doped with a variety of materials to afford electrically conducting polymeric compositions. Both p-type and n-type conductors may be formed either by chemical or electrochemical doping procedures.

Abstract: Olefinic hydrocarbons which contain from three to about six carbon atoms may be subjected to oligomerization reactions as well as being used as alkylating agents in the alkylation of alkylatable hydrocarbons by treatment at reaction conditions in the presence of a catalyst comprising a phosphorus fluoride such as phosphorus trifluoride or phosphorus pentafluoride composited on a high surface area metal oxide such as gamma-alumina. The oligomers which are obtained in the oligomerization process will contain less branching than those which are obtained when utilizing other catalysts.

Abstract: An integrated process for producing ethers, such as methyl tertiary butyl ether, is disclosed. Specific undesired compounds such as water, methanol or the product ether are removed from a hydrocarbon recycle stream withdrawn from the etherification zone by contacting the recycle stream with a solid regenerable sorbent. Preferably, the sorbent does not remove mono- or diolefinic hydrocarbons from the recycle stream. The treated recycle stream is preferably fractionated to yield isobutane passed into a dehydrogenation zone and normal butane which is charged to a butane isomerization zone.

Abstract: The use of a catalyst comprising a noble metal, a rare earth metal and a metallic support with the noble and rare earth metal being electroplated on the metallic support. A preferred composition is lanthanum, platinum and palladium on a nickel chromium alloy support. The catalyst has utility in the oxidation of fumes comprising industrial waste gases and in the oxidation of components of automotive exhaust gases.

Abstract: Olefins containing from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms may be directly hydrated by treatment with water in the presence of a catalyst comprising an alpha-zirconium phosphate. The use of this catalyst which possesses desirable thermal stability characteristics will enable the reaction to be effected at higher operating conditions than is possible when utilizing other catalysts.