Abstract: Electrochemical biosensor systems or apparatus, components thereof, and methods for quantitatively measuring or assaying concentrations of selective substrates or metabolites in aqueous media as a function of electrochemical response to hydrogen peroxide concentration, using immobilized enzyme electrode means selective for the substrate or metabolite being measured.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display cell having an alignment film therein. The present invention also relates to a method of aligning liquid crystal molecules in a selected direction in a liquid crystal display cell. An alignment film whose film growth is oriented in the same direction is deposited on an electrode film of a liquid crystal cell. The alignment film is used to align the molecules of a liquid crystal material. The film growth sympathetically aligns the molecules of liquid crystals in the direction of the film growth. A liquid crystal display cell which has two such alignment films therein is used to form a polarizing liquid crystal display cell.