Abstract: Language shift points in a computer document written in a plurality of natural languages are determined. An interval is defined on and moved through a text document in a computer memory, the interval contains a portion of the text in the document. As the interval is moved through the document for each position of the interval, a probability that the text in the interval is written in each of a plurality of candidate languages is determined for the position. For the first position of the interval, generally the beginning of the document, a first candidate language is classified as the current language if it has the highest probability of all the candidate languages within the interval. A language shift point in the document is identified where the relative probability of a second candidate language is higher than the current language at a new position of the interval. At this point, the second candidate language is classified as the current language in the document after the language shift point.

Abstract: Provided are transaction processing systems and methods enabling interoperation between data processing resources which implement different transaction processing models. The systems and methods also enable resources which were not created using object oriented programming techniques to interoperate with object oriented programs and to utilise object orientation concepts. The systems and methods allow transactions to be controlled using consistent operations across multiple object oriented transaction services.