Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of electrodes formed on a pair of substrates, a pair of orientation films formed on the substrates to cover said electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the substrates, wherein a plurality of pixels are provided between the facing sides of the pair of electrodes, and the liquid crystal layer comprises, in each pixel, regions with continuously or stepwise varying threshold values.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has a toner carrier roller, a back electrode which is located so as to face the toner carrier roller, a voltage source for applying a voltage which generates an electric field for making toner fly from the toner carrier roller to the back electrode, a control electrode which has many openings through which the toner is allowed to pass and first and second conductive layers formed around the openings and is formed so that at least portions of the first and second conductive layers which surround the openings do not overlap each other in a direction where the toner flies from the toner carrier roller to the back electrode, and a voltage source for applying a voltage which controls the toner passing through the opening according to an image signal. As a result, an electrostatic capacity is hardly formed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, thereby suppressing a fall in response characteristic to the toner flying control due to the electrostatic capacity.

Abstract: A projection type color image display apparatus includes: a light source for emitting white light; a first optical element for dividing the white light into a plurality of colored lights and for converging each colored light to form a plurality of spots, the spots of each colored light being formed at different positions from the spots of the other colored light; a liquid crystal display element including a plurality of pixels, the pixels corresponding to the spots and modulating the respective colored lights, whereby an image displayed by the liquid crystal display element is carried by the colored lights; a second optical element for diffracting the colored lights modulated by the liquid crystal display element to make a principal ray of each colored light substantially parallel to a principal ray of the other colored light; and a third optical element for receiving the colored lights from the second optical element and for projecting the image displayed by the liquid crystal display element while the image

Abstract: A document-exposing and -scanning apparatus designed so that air is blown to act on air-receiving surfaces of an exposing and scanning device through an air duct device placed opposite thereto, to subject the exposing and scanning device to low-friction reciprocating motion in a levitated state, while directing the blown air to the optical scanning section to cool the entire document-exposing and -scanning apparatus.

Abstract: An antiferroelectric liquid crystal device of the present invention includes at least a first antiferroelectric liquid crystal cell and a second antiferroelectric liquid crystal cell, wherein the first and second antiferroelectric liquid crystal cells respectively have an antiferroelectric liquid crystal material interposed between a pair of electrode substrates each having an electrode film and an alignment layer, and the first and second antiferroelectric liquid crystal cells are disposed so that a normal to an antiferroelectric liquid crystal layer of the first antiferroelectric liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to a normal to an antiferroelectric liquid crystal layer of the second antiferroelectric liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: A developing device has a brush-like toner carrying roller for carrying charged toner and a toner supply roller which is in contact with the toner carrying roller and charges the toner by friction, and applies a voltage having the same polarity as the charging polarity of the toner to the toner supply roller. With this arrangement, since the charged toner and the toner supply roller produce repulsion therebetween, it is possible to carry a sufficient amount of toner on the surface of the toner carrying roller. Therefore, even when the electric field strength is weak, it is possible to cause a sufficient amount of toner to fly from the surface of the toner carrying roller. Consequently, a quality image can be stably produced with an inexpensive small-size structure.

Abstract: The projection-type color display device of the invention includes: a white light source; a splitting means for splitting white light emitted from the white light source into a first, a second, and a third beam having respectively different wavelength regions; a modulation means for modulating the first, the second and the third beams; an irradiation means for irradiating the first, the second and the third beams onto a principal surface of the modulation means at respectively different angles; and a projection means for projecting the first, the second and the third beams modulated by the modulation means. In the projection-type color display device, the first beam includes a color beam having a weakest intensity among the beams in three primary colors contained in the white light; and a direction of the first beam incident onto the principal surface of the modulation means is closer to a normal of the principal surface of the modulation means as compared with the second and the third beams.