Abstract: Manganese sulfate solutions of improved purity are prepared by digesting a combination of a reduced manganese ore with an aqueous acid solution in the presence of a particulate potassium-iron salt byproduct. The salt byproduct is the salt byproduct formed, in situ, by reaction of potassium impurity with ferric ion during digestion of a combination of a reduced manganese ore and an aqueous acid solution.

Abstract: A process for preparing manganese sulfate solutions having reduced concentrations of potassium impurity is disclosed wherein a digestion mixture of a reduced manganese ore, a source of water soluble aluminum ions, a source of water soluble ferric ions and an aqueous acid solution is prepared, having a solution pH ranging from about 0.5 to about 3.5. The mixture is then digested at a temperature sufficient to produce a mixed digestion product comprising a liquid phase of a manganese sulfate solution and a solid phase of digested ore residue and a particulate complex salt by-product. The liquid phase of manganese sulfate solution is then recovered from the mixed digestion product. An additional feature of this process involves conducting the digestion of the digestion mixture in the presence of at least one complex salt of the general formula:MFe.sub.n Al.sub.3-n (SO.sub.4).sub.2 (OH).sub.6where M is Na.sup.+, K.sup.+ or NH.sub.4.sup.+ and n is a number ranging from about 1 to about 3.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of manganese sulfate solutions having reduced levels of potassium impurity comprising blending a reduced manganese ore, an added source of water soluble aluminum ions and an aqueous acid solution to form a digestion mixture, digesting said mixture, preferably in the presence of crystals of a complex potassium-aluminum salt to form a mixed reaction product containing a liquid phase of manganese sulfate solution and recovering the liquid phase of manganese sulfate solution from said mixed reaction product.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of electrolytic manganese dioxide is provided employing improved cathodes, said cathodes being characterized by their reduced tendency to corrode and undergo buildup of current inhibiting scale under electrolytic conditions. The improved cathodes are fabricated from copper comprised of at least about 99.95 weight percent of copper, from about 0.001 to about 0.085 weight percent of silver and up to about 0.003 weight percent of phosphorous. The weight ratio of phosphorous to silver in said copper cathode will be no greater than about 2.0 to 1.0.

Abstract: Amino phenols of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R is a substantially saturated, hydrocarbon-based group of at least about 30 aliphatic carbon atoms, a, b and c are, for example, each 1, 2 or 3, and Ar is an aromatic moiety such as a benzene nucleus, naphthalene nucleus or linked benzene nuclei, are useful additives for fuels and lubricants. These amino phenols can be conveniently prepared by nitrating an appropriate hydroxy aromatic compound and reducing the nitro groups to amino groups. Typically such amino phenols are formed by nitration and reduction of alkyl phenols having an alkyl or alkenyl group of at least about 50 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Compositions useful as multi-purpose lubricant and functional fluid additives and as thickeners and anti-sag additives for resins, paints and the like are prepared by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer in the presence of an oil-soluble dispersant. The carboxylic dispersants are preferred, especially esters of hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acids wherein the substituent contains at least about 30 carbon atoms and the reaction products of such acids or their derivatives with amines, usually polyalkylene polyamines.

Abstract: Combinations of carboxylic solubilizers, made by reaction of an acylating agent with an N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine and surfactants are useful in incorporating oil-soluble, water-insoluble functional additives into aqueous systems. Typical solubilizers are made by reacting an alkyl-substituted succinic anhydride containing about 12 to about 500 carbon atoms with an alkanol amine such as diethyl ethanol amine. Typical surfactants are nonionic hydrophilic surfactants such as ethoxylated phenols and ionic surfactants of both the anionic and cationic type. Typical functional additives are anti-wear, extreme pressure and load-carrying agents such as dithiophosphates. The aqueous systems formed with the aid of such combinations are useful, for example, as water-based hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: Combinations of chlorinated waxes and phosphorus-containing compositions prepared by the reaction of an alkoxylated alkyl phenol with a phosphorus trihalide, or, in combination with water, with a triaryl phosphite, are useful as additives for metal working lubricants.

Abstract: Compositions useful as dispersants and viscosity modifiers in lubricants are produced by (I) preparing an ene reaction intermediate from an olefinic carboxylic acid or derivative thereof (preferably maleic anhydride) and a terpolymer of ethylene, a C.sub.3-8 .alpha.-monoolefin and a non-conjugated diene or triene, and (II) reacting said ene reaction intermediate with a monoamine-polyamine mixture.

Abstract: Nitro phenols of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R is an aliphatic substituent of at least about 40 carbon atoms, a, b and c are, for example, each 1, 2 or 3, and Ar is an aromatic moiety such as a benzene nucleus, naphthalene nucleus or linked benzene nuclei, are useful additives for fuels and lubricants and intermediates to such additives. These nitro phenols can be conveniently prepared by nitrating appropriate phenols. Typically nitro phenols are formed by nitration of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group of at least about 50 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Phosphorous acid diesters may be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxylated alkyl phenol with a phosphorus trihalide, or, in combination with water, with a triaryl phosphite. The former reaction also produces, as a byproduct, the corresponding halide. The resulting phosphorus-containing compositions are useful as additives for metal working lubricants.

Abstract: Sulfurized compositions are prepared by the reaction, under superatmospheric pressure, of olefinic compounds with a mixture of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide, followed by removal of low boiling materials including unreacted olefin, mercaptan and monosulfide. An optional final step is removal of active sulfur; for example, by treatment with an alkali metal sulfide. The resulting sulfurized compositions are useful as lubricant additives.

Abstract: Condensation products made by reacting an .alpha.-hydroxyalkyl hydroxy-aromatic compound also having at least one non-fused hydrocarbyl substituent with at least one olefinic nitrile, carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivative are useful as additives for fuels and lubricants. The total number of carbon atoms in the non-fused hydrocarbyl substituents is at least about 7 while the .alpha.-hydroxyalkyl group contains from 1 to about 36 carbons and the olefinic acid or nitrile reactant usually contains 2 to about 40 carbon atoms. Products made from hydroxymethyl alkyl-substituted phenols and .alpha.,.beta.-olefinic acid derivatives such as maleic anhydride are particularly useful. Similarly useful post-treated products can be made from these condensation products by further reaction with alcohols, amines, metal salts or metals.

Abstract: Nitrogen-containing phosphorus-free carboxylic acid derivatives made by reaction of an acylating agent with an alkanol tertiary monoamine are described. Typically the carboxylic acylating agent is an alkyl or alkenyl succinic anhydride containing about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl group. A typical amine is diethyl ethanol amine. These derivatives are useful in incorporating oil-soluble, water-insoluble functional additives, such as metal salts of acid phosphate and thiophosphate hydrocarbyl esters, into water-based functional fluids such as water-based hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: Fuel economy of internal combustion engines, especially gasoline engines, is improved by lubricating such engines with specific lubricant compositions in which the essential ingredients are a specific sulfurized composition and a basic alkali metal sulfonate. Additional ingredients may include at least one oil-dispersible detergent or dispersant, a viscosity improving agent, and a specific salt of a phosphorus acid.

Abstract: Thixotropic magnesium-containing complexes are prepared by heating a mixture of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrated magnesium oxide or a magnesium alkoxide; a sulfonic acid, a pentavalent phosphorus acid, a mixture thereof with a carboxylic acid, or an ester or salt of any of these; water (optional under certain conditions); and an organic solubilizing agent (which may be liquid or solid at ambient temperature) for the acid or ester. The amount of magnesium is such as to provide a basic composition. The resulting complexes may be obtained in liquid or solid form, and are useful as additives for lubricants and fuels and as protective coating compositions for metal surfaces (such as automotive undercoats and frame coatings).

Abstract: Thixotropic magnesium-containing complexes are prepared by heating a mixture of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrated magnesium oxide or a magnesium alkoxide; a carboxylic acid, a mixture thereof with a sulfonic or pentavalent phosphorus acid, or an ester or salt of either of these; water (optional under certain conditions); and an organic solubilizing agent (which may be liquid or solid at ambient temperature) for the acid or ester. The amount of magnesium is such as to provide a basic composition. The resulting complexes may be obtained in liquid or solid form, and are useful as additives for lubricants and fuels and as protective coating compositions for metal surfaces (such as automotive undercoats and frame coatings).

Abstract: Amino phenols of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R is a substantially saturated, hydrocarbon-based group of at least about 30 aliphatic carbon atoms, a, b and c are, for example, each 1, 2 or 3, and Ar is an aromatic moiety such as a benzene nucleus, naphthalene nucleus or linked benzene nuclei, are useful additives for fuels and lubricants. These amino phenols can be conveniently prepared by nitrating an appropriate hydroxy aromatic compound and reducing the nitro groups to amino groups. Typically such amino phenols are formed by nitration and reduction of alkyl phenols having an alkyl or alkenyl group of at least about 50 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Reaction products prepared by reacting(a) interpolymers of ethylene, one or more C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 .alpha.-monoolefins, and one or more polyenes selected from non-conjugated dienes and trienes, with(b) one or more olefinic carboxylic acid acylating agents to form an acylating reaction intermediate which is further reacted with(c) an amine,are disclosed. These reaction products have been found useful as multi-functional additives to a variety of lubricating oils for enhancing their dispersancy as well as improving their viscosity-temperature relationship.

Abstract: Amino phenols of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R is a substantially saturated hydrocarbyl substituent having an average of from about 30 to about 750 aliphatic carbon atoms; R' is a substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxyl, nitro, and halo; and z is 0 or 1, are useful as additives for fuels and lubricants. These amino phenols can be conveniently prepared by nitrating an appropriate hydroxy aromatic compound and reducing the nitro groups to amino groups.