Abstract: A method and apparatus for simulating a process carried out on a moving web in which the web is held stationary while movement through a sequence of processing zones is simulated by means for rapidly changing the process conditions to which the web is exposed, and methods and apparatus for rapidly changing the operative parameters in a processing zone.

Abstract: Laminar electrical cells and batteries of the Leclanche type, in which the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution containing from about 18 to about 22 percent of NH.sub.4 Cl and from about 25 to about 40 percent of ZnCl.sub.2 by weight, based on the weight of solution. The electrolyte may contain a gelling agent, and may initially contain a minor amount of mercuric chloride.

Abstract: A laminar battery comprising an end terminal formed with a pocket to accept internal components without requiring additional edge thickness in the seal area, incorporating as the separator in at least the cell immediately adjacent the pocketed end terminal a layer of cellophane together with a layer of paper on the side of the cellophane confronting the cathode.

Abstract: A fluid dispensing system for uniformly dispensing relatively small quantities of one or more coating fluids. Each coating fluid is disposed in a vertically oriented cylindrical container and divided from a Newtonian drive fluid by a split floating plug. The drive fluid is advanced into the cylinder by a positive displacement pump at a constant rate. The split floating plug facilitates degassing of the fluid and allows it to be substantially completely dispensed at constant rate. A plurality of containers may be connected in a battery to facilitate a rapid change in the compositional parameters of a multiple layer coating system.

Abstract: Laminar electrical cells and batteries of the LeClanche type especially adapted for service at high drain rates with variable duty cycles by the inclusion of cathodes formed as slurries of MnO.sub.2 and carbon particles in an electrolyte comprising, by weight, about 2% of NH.sub.4 Cl, about 25% ZnCl.sub.2, and the balance water with a minor amount of mercuric chloride.

Abstract: A photographic film unit of the type comprising two sheets between which a fluid composition is adapted to be spread during processing of a latent image, comprising a fluid trap and gas vent structure for releasing gases expelled from the film unit during the spreading of the processing composition and for receiving excess quantities of the fluid composition, in which a plurality of flow passages are provided in the path of the escaping gas and the advancing fluid composition, and in which a portion of the trap structure comprises a flexible diaphragm forming an expansible chamber having a low impedance to fluid flow relative to the resistance to flow of a plurality of gas vent passages that are provided.

Abstract: A process for making laminates of cellophane, conductive plastic, and metal powder, comprising laminating the sheet of cellophane to a sheet of conductive plastic with an intermediate composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of metal electrode particles and a binder, and drying the laminate to remove water from the dispersion.

Abstract: A photographic film unit comprising a photosensitive sheet, in the form of an inert support coated on one side with one or more photosensitive layers, fixed to a second sheet having at least one inert side by a pair of rails adhered to an inert side of one of the sheets and to portions of the other sheet, in which the ends of one of the sheets extend beyond the other to provide supports at opposite ends for a pod carrying processing composition and for a fluid trap, and a mask and binder member securing the sheets together at their edges. A method of making the film unit in which the first and second sheets are brought together and adhered to each other by binder strips placed over them at prescribed intervals. The sheets so fixed together are then adhered to a binder web at one end thereof, and pieces of them are cut off and carried with the binder web through stations at which the additional elements of the film unit are installed and the assembly operations completed.

Abstract: A rupturable pod for storing an aqueous alkaline photographic processing composition and dispensing the composition when ruptured, comprising an adhesive, alkali resistant liner in contact with the processing composition and adhered to itself in regions forming a container enclosing the composition, and a gas and moisture barrier of metal adhered to the liner to prevent the passage of gas or moisture into or out of the container.

Abstract: A rupturable pod for storing an aqueous alkaline photographic processing composition and dispensing the composition when ruptured, comprising an alkali resistant lining in contact with the processing composition and adhered to itself in regions forming a container enclosing the composition, a gas and moisture barrier of aluminum to prevent the passage of gas or moisture into or out of the container, and a resilient mechanical barrier layer positioned between and adhered to the aluminum and the lining.

Abstract: A process for detecting defects in a multiply layered light transmitting structure, comprising illuminating the surface of the structure with a beam of light at an angle of incidence to the structure at which at least a portion of the beam will be reflected, and detecting the intensity of the reflected beam to locate subsurface as well as surface anomalies in the structure.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for coating a moving web with a multilayer liquid composition. The liquid composition is flowed by gravity down an inclined surface having slots for feeding each layer onto the inclined surface. A lip at the lowermost end of the inclined surface changes the direction of flow of the composition to a generally upward direction generally aligned with the direction of movement of the web. The angle between the upward direction of liquid flow at the end of the lip and the tangent to the web at the point of initial contact of the liquid composition and the web is between about 95 degrees and 175 degrees.

Abstract: A method of measuring the dynamic wetting angle between a liquid and a solid surface moving into the liquid as a function of the speed of the solid surface relative to the liquid comprising the steps of moving the solid surface into the liquid at a constant speed, adjusting the angle of the surface entering the liquid until the wetting angle is equal to the angle between the solid surface and the quiescent surface of the surrounding liquid, and measuring said adjusted angle. In another embodiment, the speed of the solid surface entering at a selected angle is adjusted until the meniscus adjacent the surface becomes level, and the speed is measured.

Abstract: A vent for thin, flat laminar batteries comprising a paper strip enclosed along its length by a gas-permeable, liquid impermeable thermoplastic composition. One or more of the vents can be incorporated into a frame structure which also serves to provide internal and external sealing. For this purpose, the vents are sealed to frames comprising closed loops of thermoplastic material, dimensioned to correspond to the external and internal dimensions of the battery. Methods of making vents comprising the steps of laminating paper with a thermoplastic material and forming the laminate into thermoplastic tubes filled with a paper core.

Abstract: A vent for thin, flat laminar batteries comprising a paper strip enclosed along its length by a gas-permeable, liquid impermeable thermoplastic composition. One or more of the vents can be incorporated into a frame structure which also serves to provide internal and external sealing. For this purpose, the vents are sealed to frames comprising closed loops of thermoplastic material, dimensioned to correspond to the external and internal dimensions of the battery. Methods of making vents comprising the steps of laminating paper with a thermoplastic material and forming the laminate into thermoplastic tubes filled with a paper core.

Abstract: The method of making a thin flat laminar battery comprising the steps of coating a substrate with a dispersion of zinc powder and water to produce an anode slurry, and thereafter diffusing electrolytes into said anode slurry; and electrical cells and batteries made by this process.

Abstract: A process for making a photographic product in which a plurality of liquid layers are coated on a base, comprising the steps of coating as the first layer adjacent the base a carrier layer containing a photographic hardener and coating as the second layer adjacent the first layer an isolation layer. The product is completed by coating a plurality of conventional photographic compositions over the first two layers and drying.

Abstract: A relatively thin, flat or planar battery is disclosed which includes one or more cells in series relationship each comprising a planar anode in superposed relationship with a planar cathode and a separator disposed intermediate and extending substantially coextensive the facing surfaces of the anode and cathode possessing marginal portions and an aqueous electrolyte permeable central portion. Each cell includes an aqueous electrolyte disposed in the central portion of the separator and in contact with the facing surfaces of both the anode and the cathode and an electrically nonconducting polyacrylate sealant extending intermediate and providing adhesive contact between the marginal portions of the separator and next adjacent facing surfaces.

Abstract: An electrodeless conductivity measuring system of the type employing a spaced pair of toroidal ferromagnetic cores, in which anomalies in the permeance of the cores is alleviated by the use of non-permeable shields of conductive material.

Abstract: A control system for high speed printers including a low speed microprocessor that processes data input by a one-time serial operation on the data bytes to direct printing operations into a virtual image memory that is a map of the printing sequence for an entire line. A map of the character printing program for each print position is transferred for each character into a print control memory so that printing can proceed as though a large scale high speed computer was in charge of the printing process.