Abstract: An apparatus for imaging objects with x rays using an x-ray tube, refractive x-ray lens and area detector. Cross sectional images of individual planes within an object are achieved through tomographic and laminographic exposure and image processing. The use of refractive x-ray lenses to achieve high resolution eliminates the need for vanishingly small microspot x-ray sources to achieve high resolution that current x-ray tomographic and laminographic systems suffer.

Abstract: An x-ray or neutron apparatus for the transmission of x-ray or neutron images is described, which includes x-ray- or neutron-three-dimensional (3-D) arrays or mosaics, including a plurality of x-ray or neutron lenses positioned so that they form a two-dimensional (2-D) mosaic of compound refractive lenses to provide a plurality of separate x-ray or neutron paths between an object and an image at an x-ray- or neutron-detector. The apparatus is so constructed that it permits separate parts of an object to be imaged such that a total composite image is formed from these various parts. An imaging apparatus of the detection of carcinoma in breast tissue is formed using such an apparatus. Methods of microscopy and imaging are obtained using this apparatus.

Abstract: A general method and apparatus for treating materials at high speed comprises the steps of dissolving a relatively high concentration ozone gas in a solvent at a relatively low predetermined temperature T1 to form an ozone-solvent solution with a relatively high dissolved ozone concentration, and heating either the ozone-water solution or the material to be treated or both, the ozone-solvent solution and the material to be oxidized with a point-of-use heater to quickly increase the temperature to a predetermined higher temperature T2>T1, and applying the ozone-solvent solution to said material(s) whereby the heated ozone-water solution will have a much higher dissolved ozone concentration at said higher temperature, than could be achieved if the ozone gas was initially dissolved in water at said higher temperature.

Abstract: A compound refractive lens for focusing, collecting, collimating and imaging with x-rays comprising N unit lenses numbered i=1 through N unit lenses substantially aligned along an axis such that i-th lens having a displacement ti orthogonal to said axis, with said axis located such that the sum of the lens displacements ti equals zero, and wherein each of said unit lenses comprises a lens material of lithium, carbon, or polyimide. A method for molding and housing the unit lenses is provided such that the unit lens have high surface and optical quality, and do not chemically deteriorate due to absorption of water or oxidation.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of quickly heating a gas-solvent solution from a relatively low temperature T1 to a relatively high temperature T2, such that the gas-solvent solution has a much higher dissolved gas concentration at temperature T2 than could be achieved if the gas-solvent solution had originally been formed at the temperature T2. Various apparatuses are also provided for carrying out the heating method.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a compound refractive lens for focusing, collecting and collimating x-rays comprising N individual unit lenses numbered i=1 through N, with each unit lens substantially aligned along an axis such that the i-th lens has a displacement ti orthogonal to said axis, with said axis located such that the sum of the displacements ti equals zero, and wherein each of said unit lenses comprises a lens material having a refractive index decrement less than 1 at a wavelength less than 100 Angstroms.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for generating high-intensity x-rays for medical, industrial, and scientific purposes. A thin radiator is placed inside a betatron as an internal target. The radiators are thin enough and the energy of the electron beam is high enough such that the electrons pass through the radiator and return a plurality of times. The average current through the thin radiator is increased by the average number of times the electrons pass through the radiator. Thus, both the average x-ray power and the wall-plug efficiency of the apparatus are increased. In addition, for the betatron the required electron-beam energy is much smaller than that require for recirculation in storage ring and microwave-power cavity acceleration booster rings. This is because the path length around betatron toroid is much shorter; thus, the recycling process is less affected by scattering and energy loss.

Abstract: A combination tablesaw top and mitre bar is provided which eliminates the play encountered in previous systems. In addition the manufacturing tolerances are much relaxed, leading to reduced cost and little if no operator adjustment. In a preferred embodiment, the tablesaw has a flat top with a groove therein extending substantially across the top, the groove having a top and a bottom, wherein the groove has a cross-section which is wider at the top than at a point below the top. The mitre bar for use with the tablesaw has a top and a bottom, and a cross-section such that the top of the mitre bar is larger in dimension than the lateral dimension of the bottom of the mitre bar, but the top of the mitre bar is smaller in dimension than the top of the tablesaw groove. This relationship between the groove and the mitre bar is provided such that the mitre bar will sit down into the groove without extending above the tablesaw top. Several preferred embodiments are described.

Abstract: A drum for rolling up and unrolling protective covers has a driven pendulum within for applying a rotary moment to cause the drum to roll. The pendulum is powered in one rotary direction or the other by an electrical motor according to a signal from outside the drum, and battery packs are enclosed with the drive elements to provide a power source. A sealed drum is provided to float in swimming pools. In another embodiment, a common electric drill is used for the drive mechanism.

Abstract: A wide field monocular is provided which is essentially a wide field virtual telescope. Two of these monoculars can be placed side-by-side to achieve a binocular with an extended monocular field. Also for such binoculars with objective lenses larger than the interocular separation, lunes can be cut from the objective lenses so that they can be placed adjacent each other, with the eyes essentially aligned with the optic axis of each telescope. This provides a remarkable wide field binocular with stereo vision and depth perception.

Abstract: A new tilt sensor system is disclosed which provides substantial temperature independence and is very inexpensive to build and to operate. The apparatus is made up of a first source of a first alternating signal having an output impedance Rs1 and a second source of a second alternating signal which is equal in magnitude and 180 degrees out of phase with the first alternating signal, with the source of the second alternating signal having an output impedance Rs2. Also included is a tilt sensor having a first input terminal coupled to receive the first alternating signal, a second input terminal coupled to receive the second alternating signal, and an output terminal which provides an output signal in response to the first alternating signal and the second alternating signal. In the preferred mode, the tilt sensor has an impedance G1 between the first terminal and the output terminal and an impedance G2 between the second terminal and the output terminal.

Abstract: This invention relates to a simple, compact, and robust, cylindrical microlens external cavity for laser diode frequency control. The microlens system makes possible a tunable laser diode that utilizes an orthogonal pair of collimating microlenses to form a short external cavity for longitudinal mode and frequency control. The resulting system generates a circular, collimated beam of single frequency, tunable laser radiation. A cylindrical microlens collimator has a powered surface that semi-collimates (i.e., collimates in one axis only) the light from a laser diode. This powered surface is placed so as to be the surface closest to the laser facet. A second lens surface opposite the powered surface, is located in the semi-collimated beam is planar. The second surface of the lens is flat and has a reflective coating. Hence, it provides feedback that is refocused (in one axis) onto the laser aperture.

Abstract: A target structure is provided for use in a magnetically enhanced diode sputter coating source having a sputtering target which at end-of-life has an eroded surface with a known shape. The sputtering target has a non-sputtered profiled back surface conforming substantially in shape to the eroded surface at end-of-life. A backing plate is bonded to the sputtering target which has a bonding surface complementary to the non-sputtered back surface of the sputtering target and is designed to mate therewith. A method is provided for fabricating the target structure and bonding the sputtering target to the backing plate by isostatic pressing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for enhancing the cleavage of an acyl thiohydantoin bond, for example, for use in C-terminal peptide sequencing. An acyl thiohydantoin is alkylated to form an adduct on the thiohydantoin, and the adduct-containing thiohydantoin is cleaved at its acyl bond by reaction with a cleaving agent under substantially anhydrous, acidic conditions. In C-terminal amino acid sequencing, the cleaved product is analyzed to identify the C-terminal amino acid.

Abstract: A method for achieving desired electroosmotic flow characteristics in a capillary tube having charged surface groups. An electrolyte solution containing a compound effective to stably alter the charge of the tube walls is drawn into and through the tube during while the electroosmotic flow rate in the tube is being monitored, until a desired electroosmotic flow rate is achieved. The method can be used to optimize electrophoretic separation of charged protein or nucleic acid species in a capillary tube, and to produce capillary tubes with desired charge density properties.

Abstract: A supported, substantially uniform matrix for use in electric field-induced separation of molecular components in a sample. The matrix is prepared by forming a viscoelastic polymer matrix and pumping the matrix into a capillary or preparative-scale tube. The polymer type, concentration, and molecular weight are selected to optimize separation of protein or nucleic acid components. The matrix can be expelled from the tube, after fractionation, for analysis and/or recovery of fractionated components.

Abstract: A capillary electrophoresis element is disclosed. The elements includes a capillary elctrophoresis tube containing a low-voscosity polymer solution having a selected mesh size and low-solution viscosity. The mesh size may range from 50-100 .ANG., for separating single-stranded oligonucleotides, to up to 300 .ANG. or greater, for separating relatively large duplex DNA fragments or proteins. Also disclosed is a method for formulating a low-viscosity electrophoresis separation medium having a selected mesh size.

Abstract: A method of fractionating nucleic acid fragments is disclosed. The method is based on counter migration of the fragments in an upstream direction through a polymer solution which is moving by electroosmotic flow in a downstream direction. Fractionation of selected-size nucleic acid fragments can be enhanced by reducing the difference between the electroosmotic flow rate and the migration rates of the selected-size fragments.

Abstract: A method of C-terminal peptide sequencing. The peptide is reacted with a mixed anhydride of isothiocyanic acid and a carboxylic, carbonic, or sulfonic acid, under basic conditions, to produce a C-terminal peptidyl thiohydantoin. The C-terminal amino acid can be identified by cleaving the thiohydantoin from the peptide and identifying the free amino acid thiohydantoin.

Abstract: A method of C-terminal peptide sequencing. The peptide is reacted with an activated support derivatized with a mixed anhydride of isothiocyanic acid and carboxylic or carbonic acid, under basic conditions. The peptidyl thiohydantoin which forms is separated from the solid support and further reacted with a cleaving agent carried on a second solid support, to release a free C-terminal amino acyl thiohydantoin from the peptide. The free thiohydantoin is analyzed to determine the C-terminal peptide residue. The residual peptide can be recycled through the supports for successive C-terminal residue determinations.