Abstract: Water ice is contacted with a conditionally-stable-hydrate-forming gas to form a hydrate complex of the gas, and is then enrobed in a frozen aqueous liquid to increase structural and storage stability. According to a preferred embodiment, carbon dioxide hydrate is formed by contacting solid water ice with gaseous carbon dioxide; the hydrate is wetted with a carbon-dioxide-saturated aqueous liquid; and the resulting wetted hydrate is frozen.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gasified ice product characterized by a granular, crystalline, porous structure, a brittle texture, good stability in its frozen state, and the ability to rapidly and quietly release its gas content to aqueous solution upon melting therein. The process calls for contacting an aqueous liquid with finely-dispersed bubbles of a conditionally-stable-hydrate-forming gas, such as carbon dioxide, under conditions of temperature and pressure and for a time effective to form a suspension of gas hydrate crystals in the liquid, and then freezing the suspension. The finely-dispersed bubbles of gas are preferably admitted through a porous metal sparger positioned at the bottom of a pressurized reaction vessel. The resulting product preferably has a bulk density of less than 0.60 grams per cubic centimeter and contains from about 30 to about 70 milliliters of gas per gram of product. According to one preferred form of the invention, the product is granulated.

Abstract: A dry dessert powdered mix composition comprising a pectin, a modified starch, a rapidly dissolving uncoated edible acid, e.g., citric or lactic acid, and a slowly dissolving uncoated edible acid, e.g., adipic or fumaric acid, the ingredients and their proportions being selected such that the composition when mixed with milk produces a dessert product with a smooth gel structure and having a pH at or below 4.8. The pectin is preferably high-methoxy pectin and the preferred modified starch is propoxylated starch.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for continuously preparing a partially-fried, batter-coated, frozen comestible product, such as a fish filet, having a novel ridged batter topography. The apparatus has an infeed conveyor belt with support elements and a means for providing a hot cooking oil bath that is maintained at a level that does not exceed 1/2 inch above the top of a batter-coated comestible resting on the support elements. Preferably, the hot oil does not cover the top of the comestible placed on the support elements. The support elements of the infeed conveyor belt have a defined size and spacing which provides a controlled physical environment to support a batter-coated comestible in the hot cooking oil bath while batter begins to droop from the comestible and is irreversibly heat-set in a desired ridged topography. After the ridged batter topography is formed, the comestible is transported deeper into the hot cooking oil bath to completely heat-set the batter-coating.

Abstract: This invention relates to the problem of water-soluble tablets, wherein dry, edible ingredients having a substantially granular or crystalline structure are blended to form a dry mix which is contacted with an aqueous moistener comprising corn syrup and admixed to form a dough or cohesive powder. The moistened dough or cohesive powder is then mixed with a hydrolyzed starch material to form a flowable composition which can be suitably compressed to form a coherent tablet, using tableting pressures below 200 psig that has a tablet density of about 0.7 to 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. Optionally, said tablet may be subsequently dried to a stable moisture content to improve storage shelf-life. The resulting tablet is tough, void-free, non-crumbly and rapidly soluble in water.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gasified ice product characterized by a high gas content, prolonged storage stability suitable for commercial distribution in its frozen state, and a vigorous, uniform release of gas when placed in aqueous liquid. The disclosed process maintains a high contact pressure between the gas and aqueous liquid and cools after hydrate formation under conditions of temperature and pressure which are controlled to prevent decomposition of hydrate or liquefaction of gas.

Abstract: A meat analog is prepared from an aqueous protein solution comprising heat-coagulable protein. The heat-coagulable protein in the solution is denatured before or after the intimate mixing with a starch and an alkali metal sulfite, the moisture level of the resulting mixture is adjusted to a level suitable for extrusion in equipment that shapes and forms a fibrous protein product having meat-like texture.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved process for preparing gasified ice products; particularly, a process is provided which more efficiently produces gasified ice products having improved mechanical strength and high gas contents without spontaneous popping.According to the present invention, transfer of a suspension of gas hydrate from a batch reactor is improved while at the same time the final product quality and the rate of freezing the suspension are improved. It has been found that gently agitating the suspension, while still under contact pressure, enables complete transfer of an essentially gas bubble free suspension to the freezing vessel.

Abstract: Aromatic hydroxyaldehydes, such as o- and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, are prepared by the reaction of a phenolic compound, chloroform, and an alkali metal hydroxide at a temperature from about 70.degree. to about 105.degree. C. at elevated pressure according to the Reimer-Tiemann reaction. The process improvement results in decreased reaction time.

Abstract: A process for producing 4-bromotetrachloropyridine or symmetrical tetrachloropyridine in high purity comprises the selective transhalogenation of pentachloropyridine by a bromide salt in a polar aprotic solvent at a temperature from about 100.degree. C. to about 140.degree. C. followed optionally by selective debromination by hydrogen in the presence of a noble metal catalyst and an acid acceptor to form tetrachloropyridine.

Abstract: In a two-phase liquid medium comprising an aqueous alkaline solution and an organic solvent, molecular oxygen and a noble metal-containing catalyst can be used to oxidize aryl-substituted alcohols of the formula AR(--CH.dbd.CH--).sub.n CH.sub.2 OH wherein n is 0, 1 or 2, to the corresponding aldehydes. More specifically, the oxidation of an aromatic alcohol, such as p-methoxybenzyl alcohol, can be efficiently carried out in a multiphase system comprising a 5 percent palladium-on-charcoal catalyst, an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, in contact with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, in the presence of air or oxygen with good agitation followed by separation of the two phases, recovery of the aldehyde product from the organic solvent and recycle of the aqueous phase without neutralization.

Abstract: The flavor of waxy maize starch intended for use in thickened food compositions are modified by heat treating the starch to a temperature between about 120.degree. and about 200.degree. C. for a time period of less than 1 hour up to about 24 hours. The heat-treated waxy maize is then pregelatinized and remains flavor-free with a suitable texture for incorporation by mixing in thickened food compositions such as instant puddings.

Abstract: The addition of effective amounts of selected peptides, preferably dipeptides such as L-aspartyl-L-phenyl-alanine methyl ester (aspartame), to dental caries supporting food products reduces the tendency toward the occurrence of dental caries. Also, the addition of these peptides to low pH beverages reduces the tendency toward tooth enamel demineralization as well as dental caries.

Abstract: A molten substituted phenol and an aqueous caustic solution are reacted at temperatures from 170.degree. C. to 190.degree. C. under superatmospheric pressure to form an aqueous solution of an alkali metal phenate. By employing a rapid drying process such as flashing the water vapor from the reactor to cool the mixture, alkali metal phenate solids are produced with low levels of toxic by-products.

Abstract: Surfactants having an HLB of from about 12 to about 20, preferably 14 to about 20, are disclosed which correspond to formulas I and II: ##STR1## wherein: R.sub.1 is a nonpolymerizable hydrocarbyl or inertly-substituted hydrocarbyl group of at least 8 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or alkyl; X is ##STR2## Y is a terminal inorganic or organic group; and n is at least 2.

Abstract: A thermosetting powder coating composition is disclosed herein. The composition comprises a solid pulverulent mixture of (A) a substantially linear vinyl addition interpolymer having a plurality of pendant 2-oxazoline and/or 2-oxazine groups, a number average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 25,000, and a melting point of from about 60.degree. C. to 90.degree. C., and (B) a solid polycarboxylic acid melting in the range of 70.degree. C. to 175.degree. C. which is included in an amount of from 0.75 to 1.25 carboxy equivalents per pendant oxazoline or oxazine group on the interpolymer. The utility of the above composition as a powder coating is further enhanced by inclusion of a plasticizer (e.g., a long chain monocarboxylic acid) and in practice, the powder compositions also normally include pigments and minor amounts of flow control agents. The instant powder coatings are applied by conventional techniques and cured at temperatures normally in the range of from about 150.degree. C. to about 200.

Abstract: A process for inhibiting the staining of film-forming finishes applied to a tannin-containing wood substrate comprises applying to the wood substrate, prior to or concurrently with the surface film, an aqueous formulation containing a stain-inhibiting amount of magnesium hydroxide having a high surface area, thereby forming a leach-resistant magnesium hydroxide-tannin complex.

Abstract: Monochloromethylpyridines are produced by reacting 2- or 4-methylpyridine oxides with phosphoryl chloride in the presence of an organic base. One product, 2-chloromethylpyridine, is formed by reacting 2-picoline-N-oxide with phosphoryl chloride in the presence of triethylamine.

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of hydroxybenzyl alcohols, comprising condensing phenol with formaldehyde in an alkaline solution to form a mixture of ortho- and para-hydroxymethyl phenols, and solvent extracting unreacted phenol from the resulting alkaline hydroxybenzyl alcohol condensate solution. The phenol-reduced hydroxybenzyl alcohol condensate solution is particularly suited for treatment with excess caustic and subsequent oxidation of the resulting aqueous solution of ortho- and para-hydroxybenzyl alcohols-sodium salt to yield the corresponding ortho- and para-hydroxybenzaldehydes-sodium salt.

Abstract: A novel composition of matter comprising a color-inhibiting additive, such as sodium bisulfite, and cis-1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride or the cis-, trans- mixtures of 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride, is a non-yellowing antimicrobial formulation suitable for the preservation of aqueous organic mixtures such as emulsions, dispersions, latexes and solutions. The color-inhibiting agent may be added as a solid or as an aqueous solution wherein the weight ratio of adamantane to additive is from about 1:0.01 to about 1:4.