Abstract: A reflecting master hologram is illuminated with collimated coherent beams at an incident angle to provide regular reflected beams and diffracted beams. The regular reflected beams and the diffracted beams are directed to a reflective photoresist plate at the same angles as those at which they are, respectively, reflected by the reflecting master hologram so as to form an intensity pattern, i.e. a bright and dark pattern, of interference fringes on the reflective photoresist plate. The exposed photoresist plate is developed and etched to form a reflective hologram on the plate.

Abstract: A front body structure of a vehicle includes a pair of front side frames extending on opposite sides of an engine room in a lengthwise direction, from front to back, of the vehicle. A suspension cross member extends in a direction crosswise relative to the front side frames and suspends front wheels of the vehicle. Finally, a shock relieving member is provided, in association with the suspension cross member, for relieving shocks exerted on the suspension cross member from a power train forcibly moved rearward during a front end collision of the vehicle.