Abstract: Integrated circuit nonvolatile memory uses programmable resistive elements. In some examples, conductive structures such as electrodes are prepared, and the programmable resistive elements are laid upon the prepared electrodes. This prevents contamination of the programmable resistive elements from previous fabrication steps.

Abstract: In response to a disagreement between a previously generated check code associated with previously programmed data bits and a more recently generated check code generated in response to a read command, the comparison process is changed, between i) a value representing accessed data and ii) a reference applied to such accesses to distinguish between logical levels. For example, the ratio of resistances characterizing input circuits of a sense amplifier and/or the read bias arrangement and/or a read reference of a memory integrated circuit is/are changed.

Abstract: Methods are described for improving the retention of a memory device by execution of a retention improvement procedure. The retention improvement procedure comprises a baking process of the memory device in a high temperature environment, a verifying process of the memory device that checks the logic state of memory cells, and a reprogramming process to program the memory device once again by programming memory cells in a 0-state to a high-Vt state. The baking step of placing the memory device in a high temperature environment causes a charge loss by expelling shallow trapped charges, resulting in the improvement of retention reliability.

Abstract: A bandgap engineered SONOS device structure for design with various AND architectures. The BE-SONOS device structure comprises a spacer oxide disposed between a control gate overlaying an oxide-nitride-oxide-nitride-oxide stack and a sub-gate overlaying a gate oxide. In one example, a BE-SONOS sub-gate-AND array architecture has multiple strings of SONONOS devices with sub-gate lines and diffusion bit lines. In another example, a BE-SONOS sub-gate-AND architecture has multiple strings of SONONOS devices with sub-gate lines, relying on the sub-gate lines that create inversions to substitute for the diffusion bit lines.

Abstract: A method for defining a full phase layout for defining a layer of material in an integrated circuit is described. The method can be used to define, arrange, and refine phase shifters to substantially define the layer using phase shifting. Through the process, computer readable definitions of an alternating aperture, dark field phase shift mask and of a complimentary mask are generated. Masks can be made from the definitions and then used to fabricate a layer of material in an integrated circuit. The separations between phase shifters, or cuts, are designed for easy mask manufacturability while also maximizing the amount of each feature defined by the phase shifting mask. Cost functions are used to describe the relative quality of phase assignments and to select higher quality phase assignments and reduce phase conflicts.

Abstract: An improved CMOS sensor integrated circuit is disclosed, along with methods of making the circuit and computer readable descriptions of the circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses, methods, and manufacturing methods relating to improving data retention in nonvolatile memory. In many embodiments, reference memory corresponding to the data memory is used to determine whether to refresh the data memory.

Abstract: A two-dimensional yield map for a device, such as an integrated circuit, in a fabrication facility is computed and associated with layout data for the device in a hierarchical and/or instance-based layout file. The device has a layout including a pattern characterizable by a combination of members of a set of basis shapes. A set of basis pre-images include yield map data representing an interaction of respective members of the set of basis shapes with a defect model. A yield map for the pattern is created by combining basis pre-images corresponding to basis shapes in the combination of members that characterize the pattern to provide a combination result. The output may be displayed as a two dimensional map to an engineer performing yield analysis, or otherwise processed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Bragg grating filter optical waveguide device, comprising an optical fiber provided with a Bragg grating region which is externally strained to alter the range of chirping. The external strain is induced by a gradient-generating mechanical body bonded onto the length of the fiber grating.

Abstract: Methods of making a multiple-port optical device include precisely positioning pairs of optical fibers inside of a fiber ferrule using a positioning means, such as shaped capillaries or an external clamp, to hold the position of the fibers while adhesive is applied to the fibers and cured. The external precision positioning means comprise silicon wafers which are etched to form capillaries or guides for the fibers. Adhesive is applied to the fibers and wicked into the fiber ferrule capillary to completely fill the capillary. The external positioning means is removed after curing and the fiber ferrule is polished for use in optical devices such as multiple-port DWDM filter packages.

Abstract: A Raman fiber amplifier includes: a transmission fiber; at least one optical pump providing optical pump power to the transmission fiber; and at least one pump power detector; at least one signal detector detecting signal power propagating through the transmission fiber. The Raman fiber amplifier also includes a controller that adjusts the pump power provided by the pump to adjust, gain, or signal power provided by this Raman fiber amplifier.

Abstract: A Multi-mode Interferometric coupler comprising: a first amplifying part (2), a second transparent part (4) to guide radiation previously amplified in the first part.

Abstract: An optical switch and method of making in which a large number of optical elements, which may be diffractive or refractive, are formed within the plane of a wafer to transmit light approximately perpendicularly to the wafer plane. The optical elements are formed on separate deformable mechanical elements, such as a plate rotatable about two axes lying approximately parallel to the wafer plane. Electrical elements, such as capacitor plates with a free-space gap therebetween selectively deform the mechanical elements in a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) arrangement with the optical elements disposed upon the mechanical elements to separately control the directions in which the light beams are transmitted. The optical switches may be formed in an array, and two levels of such arrays formed in separate wafers which are bonded together allow two-stage switching of light through the assembled structure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a system and method for using a remote terminal to control processes executing on a client terminal by transmitting data to the client terminal emulating keystroke inputs at the client terminal. A remote control application program executing at the remote terminal initiates the transmission of a message for emulating keystroke inputs to the client terminal. The remote terminal also executes an operating system having logic for responding to a detection of any one combination of keystrokes of a set of predetermined combinations of keystrokes, independently of any application program executing on the remote terminal. While the remote control application is active, the remote terminal inhibits the operating system from responding to detected keystrokes and transmits a message to the client terminal emulating an input of the detected keystrokes at the client terminal.

Abstract: A high-speed external optical modulator formed on a lithium niobate substrate has a diffused optical waveguide, a surface buffer layer, and electrodes for applying modulating RF energy. The electrodes are electroplated in at least two steps, resulting in a top co-planar waveguide structure lying on a second one. Low driving voltage is achieved through selection of the width, position, and dimension of the lower hot and ground electrodes. The upper ground electrodes and, preferably, also the upper hot electrode, are narrower in width than the corresponding lower electrodes, which helps to provide good velocity matching, good impedance values, and low electrical losses.

Abstract: A device for comparing between N nominal wavelength values (&lgr;ei) and the wavelength values of optical signals coupled respectively with input ports (GEi) of a phasar with a grating (R) of guides (Gj), the said phasar comprising a main output port (GS (m) designed to collect the combination of the said signals, the said main output port (GS(m)) being placed at a focal point corresponding to a given interference order m of the grating, characterized in that the phasar comprises two secondary monitoring output ports (A, B) respectively placed in the vicinity of focal points corresponding to the interference orders m−1 and m+1 of the grating (R).

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical fiber amplifier device with an optical signal input and output with first piece of amplifying fiber doped with lanthanide in a double-clad structure, a second piece of amplifying fiber doped with lanthanide in a ring structure and lasers for pumping the two fiber pieces with at least one pump module.

Abstract: A temperature-stabilized optical amplifier (100) comprises at least an erbium-doped waveguide (101) for amplifying optical signals; at least a first and a second pump sources (103, 104) for generating respective pump beams at a first and, respectively, a second pump wavelength (&lgr;1, &lgr;2), said first and second pump wavelength being lower and, respectively, higher than 978 nm at an intermediate temperature of a predetermined range of temperature, and being subjected to drift as a consequence of temperature variations; and a pump distribution device (105), optically coupled to said pump sources for receiving said pump beams, and optically coupled to said at least an erbium-doped waveguide for feeding to said at least an erbium-doped waveguide a mixed pump radiation comprising at least a power fraction of each of said pump beams.

Abstract: A coplanar waveguide, which has parallel conductor strips that are arranged on a substrate and have an electrically insulating intermediate space between one another, wherein a material with a high dielectric constant is arranged on the conductor strips, on their side facing away from the substrate. In this way, it is possible to achieve a line section with a relatively small characteristic impedance.

Abstract: The production of optical waveguides on waveguide bases which, for example, are formed from a correspondingly structured buffer layer, reduces the birefringence which occurs owing to thermally induced stresses during the glass production process. Therefore, the concentration of dopants (for example boron atoms) in the cladding layer can be reduced to achieve a birefringence-free optical component as complete adaptation of the thermal coefficient of expansion of the glass to that of the silicon substrate is no longer necessary. This has the enormous advantage that optical components, which comprise optical waveguides of this type, remain stable relative to external influences for a long time.