Abstract: The invention concerns an apparatus and method for starting-up, with the correct phase, a converter having forced commutation. More particularly the converter comprises a power stage having controlled main valves and commutation devices associated with the valves. The converter also comprises a control apparatus which includes a drive unit synchronized with a power line voltage for generating firing pulses for the converter valves and a regulating device preceding the drive unit. In accordance with the invention, at least one energy storage device is charged in the stand-by position with an amount of energy required for commutation. Also in the stand-by position, the firing pulses generated by the drive unit of the continuously running control apparatus are blocked from their respective converter valves. Upon a starting command, the stored energy in the storage device is made available for commutation and the firing pulses are released to their respective valves.

Abstract: An improved heart pacemaker of the type which includes a stimulating electrode and a counter electrode, a pulse generator and which has an implantable glucose/oxygen biofuel cell as an energy supply, in which pacemaker the area of the glucose electrode of the biofuel cell is made larger than that of the stimulating electrode and the stimulating electrode is in electrically conductive connection with the glucose electrode and thus at the same potential.