Abstract: A converse transformation matrix generation approach is used either i) to late a lattice structure of one crystalline material to the lattice structure(s) of one or more other crystalline materials for determining interlattice relationships which allow materials to be identified and classified relative to other materials; or ii) to relate a lattice structure of a material to itself for determining lattice symmetry. In particular, matrices which transform any primitive cell defining a lattice structure either into itself or into another cell defining a second lattice structure to within predetermined maximum tolerances of the cell parameters are generated.

Abstract: A converse transformation matrix generation approach is used either i) to late a lattice structure of one crystalline material to the lattice structure(s) of one or more other crystalline materials for determining interlattice relationships which allow materials to be identified and classified relative to other materials; or ii) to relate a lattice structure of a material to itself for determining lattice symmetry. In particular, matrices which transform any primitive cell defining a lattice structure either into itself or into another cell defining a second lattice structure to within predetermined maximum tolerances of the cell parameters are generated.

Abstract: A recirculating oven molecular beam source of unitary construction compri a shaped porous wicking oven substrate nearly saturated with the working material and having a cavity with source and collimating regions formed therein.

Abstract: A Josephson junction amplifier comprising an array of series connected Josephson junctions which are maintained in a finite voltage, mutually electromagnetically phase-locked state. An input signal is applied across a first group of one or more but less than all of the Josephson junctions, and the output is taken across a second group of the junctions which has a greater number of junctions than the first group. Alternatively, two arrays may be connected in parallel to provide stable electromagnetic phase locking.

Abstract: A heat pipe oven molecular beam source wherein a hollow porous metal, metalloid or ceramic body with at least one opening is nearly saturated with the working material and heated to just above the melting point of the working material, generating a thin liquid layer of the working material on the internal surface of the body. Material passing the length of the bore of the body without striking a wall will escape and form the beam. Material striking the liquid layer covering the inside of the body will condense and be conveyed by capillary action back to the closed end of the body.