Abstract: A composition and method for enhancing paracellular transport across cell layers in an animal comprising an antisense oligonucleotide hybridizable with a region of the messenger RNA coding for the protein occludin which, when hybridized to the occludin mRNA, interferes with its translation such that occludin function is disrupted and paracellular permeability is increased across an epithelial cell layer or and endothelial cell layer in an animal.

Abstract: A taste-masked micromatrix powder in which the ratio of a cationic copolymer synthesized form dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and neutral methacrylic acid esters compared to a drug having poor organoleptic properties is greater than 2 to 1, preferably 4 to 1, most preferably 6 to 1 (wt/wt). Taste masked immediate release micromatrix powders can be formed by spray drying the drug and cationic copolymer whereas sustained release micromatrix powders can be formed by granulating controlled release powders, which can be made by spray drying the drug with a retarding polymer, with the cationic copolymer. The immediate release or sustained release taste-masked powders of this invention can be incorporated into conventional oral dosage forms such as sprinkles, suspension, fast melt tablets, chewable tablets or effervescent tablets.

Abstract: A process for making a granulate composition suitable to the preparation of an oral solid form that can disintegrate rapidly inside the buccal cavity is provided as well as the granulate compositions and obtained.

Abstract: A method of identifying a peptide which permits or facilitates the transport of an active agent through a human or animal tissue. A predetermined amount of phage from a random phage library or preselected phage library is plated unto or brought into contact with a first side, preferably the apical side, of a tissue sample or polarized tissue cell culture. At a predetermined time, the phage which is transported to a second side of the tissue opposite the first side, preferably the basolateral side, is harvested to select transported phage. This modified phage is amplified in a host. This cycle of events is repeated (using the transported phage produced in the most recent cycle) a predetermined number of times to obtain a selected phage library containing phage which can be transported from the first side to the second side.

Abstract: A granular enzyme composition is produced having reduced tendency to form dust and leave a residue, and improved stability and delayed release characteristics. The composition has a core, optionally coated with a vinyl polymer, a layer containing an enzyme and a vinyl polymer and optionally a plasticizer or anti-agglomeration agent, and an outer coating containing a polymer and optionally a low residue pigment and/or lubricant. Preferably, the core is a salt or sugar nonpareil, the vinyl polymer coating the core is polyvinyl alcohol and most preferably partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol, the vinyl polymer in the enzyme layer is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and the polymer of the outer coating is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol which may be partially hydrolyzed, polyethylene glycol or mixtures thereof such as a mixture of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol or a mixture of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol.

Abstract: There is provided an improved process for the biosynthetic production of indigo, the improvement comprising removing unwanted by-products such as isatin or indirubin from the broth in which such indigo is produced. Isatin can be removed by enzymatic activity using an isatin-removing enzyme such as an isatin hydrolase, or by other techniques such as process parameters (elevated temperature, pH), or by contacting the broth containing the isatin with appropriate adsorption compounds/compositions such as carbon or appropriate resins. Since isatin is the precursor of indirubin, the indirubin levels are decreased as a result of isatin removal.

Abstract: There are described novel coupling reactions useful for the preparation of cyclitol and/or carbohydrate conjugates and carbocyclic analogs thereof. Such coupling reactions employ epoxides and/or aziridines described herein as electrophilic recipients of other cyclitol or carbohydrate units. Also provided are certain novel compounds.

Abstract: Substantially dust-free enzyme-containing particles are prepared by spray-coating solid particulate cores with a fermentation broth containing enzymes. Fermentation broths containing from 5% to 100% total enzyme solids and 4%-55% total solids content in the broth may be used. For broths containing 4%-31% total solids, enzyme and coating agents may be spray-coated so as to achieve a weight gain of 1%-24% w/w over the initial weight of the cores. For broths with 31%-55% total solids, a corresponding weight gain of 1%-100% may be achieved. The enzyme coated cores may be further coated with coating agents. The total dry weight added to the cores ranges from 1% to 19% in the absence of coating agents and 1% to 24% in the presence of coating agents when the lower range of total solids content is used. The total dry weight added to the cores ranges from 1% to 100% when the higher range of total solids content is used.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for killing cells in fermentation mixtures in order to prepare the fermentation mixture for processing to recover or extract a desired product from the fermentation mixture. A preferred method of this invention comprises in either order, adjusting the pH of the fermentation mixture to a value equal to or less than about two pH units below the pK.sub.a of the compatible organic acid using a mineral acid, and adding a sufficient amount of a compatible organic acid and/or organic acid salt to the mixture to effect a substantially complete cell kill. The method of this invention is useful for killing microorganisms such as yeast, bacteria or fungi in any culture or fermentation mixture and is particularly useful in systems where it is desired to kill the cells without lysing them.

Abstract: There are described methods for the synthesis of quinoid organic compounds from a renewable energy source such as glucose. The method comprises enhancing the amount of glucose equivalents introduced into the pathway, blocking the common pathway so as to accumulate dehydroquinate and converting the dehydroquinate to quinic acid.

Abstract: This application relates to 3-substituted and 4-substituted cis-diols. Specifically, there are provided 3-substituted diols of formula (II) and 4-substituted cis-diols having (1S, 2R) and (1R, 2S) absolute configurations of formulae (III) and (IV). Also provided are processes For making such 3- and 4-substituted cis-diols using a reductive fission reaction. The compounds described herein are useful as synthons for the preparation of various compounds including therapeutics, agricultural, polymers and other classes of compounds. In formulae (II, III and IV), R is halogen, CN, aryl alkyl, alkenyl alkynyl O-alkyl, CF.sub.3 or NO.sub.2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel xylanases purified from the microorganism, Microtetraspora flexuosa. Each biochemically unique xylanase is thermostable and has optimal activity in alkaline conditions. The present invention is also directed to methods that utilize either the whole enzyme system or one or more of the above purified thermostable xylanases obtained from Microtetraspora flexuosa. These enzymes are excellent candidates for enhancing the delignification and bleaching of pulp. Furthermore, treating the pulp with the above enzymes prior to bleaching may reduce the amount of chlorine containing and/or peroxide chemicals required in the bleaching process.

Abstract: There are described, cleaning compositions comprising proteolytic enzymes having enhanced thermal and/or alkaline stability. Particularly, the compositions comprise a Bacillus sp. subtilisin having enhanced thermal stability and alkaline stability. The composition may be useful for any cleaning application such as laundry cleaning, household cleaning (dishcare, hard surface cleaning) or industrial cleaning.

Abstract: According to the invention a method is provided for liquefying starch comprising the steps of adding a sodium composition to the starch prior to or simultaneously with liquefying the starch; adding .alpha.-amylase to the treated starch; and reacting the treated starch for a time and at a temperature effective to liquefy the treated starch. Preferred sodium compositions comprise sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium benzoate, sodium sulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium ascorbate, sodium acetate, sodium nitrate, sodium tartrate, sodium tetraborate, sodium propionate, sodium citrate, sodium succinate, monosodium glutamate, trisodium citrate, sodium phosphate or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: There are described novel biocatalytic and chemical processes for the synthesis of various oxygenated compounds. Particularly, there are described processes for the synthesis of a useful synthon 12 made by reacting a protected diol (acetonide) with permaganate under appropriate conditions. Such synthon is useful of the synthesis of various pharmaceutically important compounds such as D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-3-inosose. Also, there are disclosed novel compounds, including specifically the synthon 12 and compounds derived therefrom.

Abstract: There are described novel biocatalytic and chemical processes for the synthesis of various oxygenated compounds. Particularly, there are described processes for the synthesis of a useful synthon 12 made by reacting a protected diol (acetonide) with permaganate under appropriate conditions. Such synthon is useful of the synthesis of various pharmaceutically important compounds such as D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-3-inosose. Also, there are disclosed novel compounds, including specifically the synthon 12 and compounds derived therefrom.

Abstract: There are described novel biocatalytic and chemical processes for the synthesis of various oxygenated compounds. Particularly, there are described processes for the synthesis of a useful synthon 12 made by reacting a protected diol (acetonide) with permaganate under appropriate conditions. Such synthon is useful of the synthesis of various pharmaceutically important compounds such as D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-3-inosose. Also, there are disclosed novel compounds, including specifically the synthon 12 and compounds derived therefrom.

Abstract: There are described novel biocatalytic and chemical processes for the synthesis of various oxygenated compounds. Particularly, there are described processes for the synthesis of a useful synthon 12 made by reacting a protected diol (acetonide) with permaganate under appropriate conditions. Such synthon is useful of the synthesis of various pharmaceutically important compounds such as D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-3-inosose. Also, there are disclosed novel compounds, including specifically the synthon 12 and compounds derived therefrom.

Abstract: There are described novel biocatalytic and chemical processes for the synthesis of various oxygenated compounds. Particularly, there are described processes for the synthesis of a useful synthon 12 made by reacting a protected diol (acetonide) with permaganate under appropriate conditions. Such synthon is useful of the synthesis of various pharmaceutically important compounds such as D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-3-inosose. Also, there are disclosed novel compounds, including specifically the synthon 12 and compounds derived therefrom.