Abstract: Encoders and decoders for applying composite codes to optical data signals include encoders and decoders for applying both subcodes and supercodes. The subcodes have a duration selected as less than or equal to an interchip duration or a chip duration of the supercodes. The encoders and decoders (“coders”) include fiber Bragg gratings configured to encode or decode a subcode, a supercode, or a composite code. By coding with a subcode coder and a supercode coder, a coder is reconfigurable by selecting different subcodes or supercodes. Communication systems and methods using composite codes are also described.