Abstract: A process for the regeneration of a coked platinum, or polymetallic platinum reforming catalyst with ozone. The coked catalyst is contacted, and carbon burned from the catalyst at temperatures ranging from about 20.degree. C. to 200.degree. C., preferably about 60.degree. C. to 150.degree. C., with a gaseous stream containing ozone in concentration ranging from about 1 to 50 volume percent ozone sufficient to substantially deplete said catalyst of sufficient carbon to restore the activity of the catalyst to that of the corresponding fresh catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of catalysts wherein a catalytically effective amount of cobalt is impregnated and dispersed as a film, or layer, on the peripheral outer surface of a particulate porous inorganic oxide support, notably alumina, silica, silica-alumina and titania; particularly titania. The catalysts are prepared by spraying a bed of the fluidized particulate support particles with a liquid containing a dispersed or dissolved cobalt metal compound upon the support particles. The operation is performed at specified operating conditions.

Abstract: A process for the separation of carbon dioxide and other acid gas components, in a compound distillation column, from a gaseous mixture comprised of one or more hydrocarbons, inclusive of methane, and hydrogen. The compound distillation column is sectioned (or zoned), one section of which is operated at higher pressure than another, and hence in a relative sense is referred to as a high pressure section while the other is referred to as a low pressure section. A product, principally methane, is removed from the high pressure section while a product of principally acid gases is removed from the low pressure section. By maintaining the sections at different pressure, the separations are more efficiently made and phase separation of products in the low pressure section is easily maintained.

Abstract: A process for the production of ammonium sulfate in a multistage contactor (or column) inclusive of liquid cyclone recycle. A gas, or gases, which contains sulfur dioxide, e.g., a flue gas, is contacted with ammonia in an oxygen and water environment in a column comprised of three sections (zones). Sulfur dioxide is contacted in vapor phase in a central section of the contactor with a stoichiometric excess of ammonia in the presence of oxygen and water vapor to produce ammonium sulfate. A scrubbing section for the removal of ammonia from the effluent gas by countercurrent contact with water or acid solution is provided in the upper section of the contactor. Liquid cyclones are utilized in the lower section of the contactor where product ammonium sulfate is removed as a slurry, crystalline ammonium sulfate is removed from the slurry, and liquid is returned as recycle to the contactor.

Abstract: A process, and the compositions produced thereby, wherein an element characterized as aluminum, silicon or chromium, notably aluminum, is alloyed in relatively small concentrations with iron, cobalt or nickel, notably iron or cobalt, or both, which have relatively high Curie temperatures. Small amounts of yttrium, hafnium, zirconium or lanthanium can also be added. Alloys of specified composition are formed into particles of selected size, and the particles then contacted in an atmosphere of controlled oxygen activity at elevated temperature over selected time periods. By treatment with a low oxygen-containing, or low moisture-containing gas an oxide of the alloying element is formed which diffuses to the surface of the particles to form a film. The addition of these elements to the base metal necessarily, and unavoidably reduces the Curie temperature of the metal.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of a calcium-containing subbituminous coal and coals of lower rank to form insoluble, thermally stable calcium salts which remain within the solids portions of the residue on liquefaction of the coal, thereby suppressing the formation scale, made up largely of calcium carbonate deposits, e.g., vaterite, which normally forms within the coal liquefaction reactor (i.e., coal liquefaction zone), e.g., on reactor surfaces, lines, auxiliary equipment and the like. A solution of a compound or salt characterized by the formula MX, where M is a Group IA metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and X is an anion which is capable of forming water-insoluble, thermally stable calcium compounds, is maintained in contact with a particulate coal feed sufficient to impregnate said salt or compound into the pores of the coal.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating a petroleum hydrocarbon feed comprising admixing a quinone compound, or compounds, with said hydrocarbon feed, and contacting said admixture with hydrogen at elevated temperature, suitably at temperatures ranging from about 500.degree. F. to about 1050.degree. F., preferably from about 750.degree. F. to about 900.degree. F. The petroleum hydrocarbon feed is characterized generally as comprised of a full boiling range crude, an atmospheric or vacuum residum, an unconventional whole heavy crude, or fractions boiling within the gasoline and mid-distillate ranges.

Abstract: A novel process, and the compositions of matter formed thereby, wherein Group II-A metals, or compounds thereof, can be ion-exchanged onto coal, preferably a high rank coal, notably a subbituminous or bituminous coal, by soaking the coal in an alkali solution of a Group I-A metal compound sufficient to incorporate said metal compound, or cation portion thereof, into said coal to form ion-exchange sites, and ion-exchanging, and thereby replacing all or a portion, preferably a portion, of the Group I-A metal cations with said Group II-A metals. Enhanced gasification rates are achieved by gasification of the so-treated coal, or composition which contains both the Group I-A and Group II-A metals, as contrasted with a coal composition otherwise similar except that it contains an equal molar quantity of either a Group I-A metal or Group II-A metal, rather than both Group I-A and Group II-A metals.

Abstract: In a reforming process wherein a feed naphtha is reformed, with hydrogen, over a reforming catalyst in a process unit, the improvement comprising the addition of infinitesimal, or small amounts of water or hydrogen halide, or both, or substance which can produce in situ water or hydrogen halide, or both, during the reforming operation to displace previously adsorbed sulfur, or to suppress the adsorption of sulfur by the catalyst to control the amount of sulfur added to the catalyst to a minimum effective level. It has been found, in the sequence of regeneration and reactivation, that the ability of a catalyst to operate in a hydrogenolysis mode can be effectively suppressed after the freshly prepared catalyst has been regenerated, and reactivated several times, generally above five times or more, by presulfiding the catalyst by the addition of a minimal amount of sulfur, preferably a maximum of about 0.01 weight percent sulfur on the catalyst.

Abstract: The disclosure herein relates to (a) a process for the preparation of catalysts which are highly active for oxidizing the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) present in automobile exhaust gases, with minimum oxidation of the sulfur dioxide, by controlling the acidity of the support, or carrier, within certain critical ranges while a Group VIII noble metal component, or components, is composited with said support in forming the catalyst; (b) a process embodying the use of the so-formed catalysts in the treatment of automotive exhaust gases; and, (c) the catalyst compositions so-formed from supports the surface acidity of which is controlled. In the formation of the catalysts the total surface acidity of the support on which the metal, or metals, component is deposited is maintained between about 0.01 to about 0.10 micromoles pyridine/m.sup.2, and the surface area of the metal, or metals, component ranges up to about 50 m.sup.2 /g, preferably from about 1 m.sup.2 /g to about 35 m.sup.

Abstract: A catalyst composition, and process, useful in reforming a hydrocarbon feed at reforming conditions without excessive hydrogenolysis, a phenomenon which is normally particularly acute during the startup of a reactor. The catalyst is constituted of a composite which includes a Group VIII noble metal hydrogenation-dehydrogenation component, notably platinum, iridium, and selenium. Hydrogenolysis is suppressed, and significantly greater yields of higher octane C.sub.5 + liquid product are obtained by contact of the selenium promoted iridium-containing catalyst with oxygen prior to contact of the catalyst with a hydrocarbon fraction at reforming conditions. Suitably, the oxygen pretreatment is conducted by contact of the catalyst with an oxygen containing gas at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A process for reforming naphtha, with hydrogen, in a cyclic reforming unit which contains a plurality of catalyst-containing on-stream reactors in series, and a catalyst-containing swing reactor manifolded therewith which can be periodically placed in series and substituted for an on-stream reactor while the latter is removed from series for regeneration and reactivation of the catalyst contained therein. In the process, the ability of a catalyst to operate in a hydrogenolysis mode and effect sulfur release can be effectively suppressed after the freshly prepared catalyst has been regenerated, and reactivated several times, generally about five times or more, by the addition thereto of sufficient sulfur to maintain an equilibrium amount of sulfur on the catalyst, preferably a maximum of about 0.01 weight percent sulfur.

Abstract: An improved process for the treatment of a calcium-containing subbituminous coal and coals of lower rank to form insoluble, thermally stable calcium salts which remain within the solids portions of the residue on liquefaction of the coal, thereby suppressing the formation of scale, made up largely of calcium carbonate which normally forms within the coal liquefaction reactor (i.e., coal liquefaction zone), e.g., on reactor surfaces, lines, auxiliary equipment and the like. An oxide of sulfur, in liquid phase, is contacted with a coal feed sufficient to impregnate the pores of the coal. The impregnated coal, in particulate form, can thereafter be liquefied in a coal liquefaction reactor (reaction zone) at coal liquefaction conditions without significant formation of scale.

Abstract: A process wherein a bed of catalyst comprised of platinum and iridium is contacted and pretreated at elevated temperature in a zone, prior to the introduction and contact of the catalyst with feed, with hydrogen, water, halogen, suitably chlorine or hydrogen chloride, or both, and hydrogen sulfide. The bed of catalyst is treated up to, but not significantly beyond the point of breakthrough of hydrogen sulfide from the bed. In its preferred aspects, a bed of fresh or regenerated, reactivated catalyst is wetted with water and an admixture of hydrogen and halogen, preferably hydrogen chloride, saturated or near-saturated with water, is passed through the catalyst bed until the time that the bed has adsorbed, absorbed or has otherwise taken up these components, and they begin to appear in the exit gas. On breakthrough of the hydrogen chloride, the introduction of the hydrogen sulfide gas is continued to breakthrough from the exit side of the bed.

Abstract: A process for desensitizing a hypersensitive, high activity reforming catalyst for suppression of hydrogenolysis which is particularly acute during the early portion of the period that the catalyst is placed on stream, i.e., at the startup of a reactor. The catalyst is constituted of a composite which includes a Group VIII noble metal hydrogenation-dehydrogenation component, notably platinum, iridium, and selenium. Hydrogenolysis is supressed by incorporating within such reforming catalyst at the time of its preparation an element, or a compound or salt of selenium.

Abstract: A process for desensitizing a hypersensitive, high activity reforming catalyst for suppression of hydrogenolysis which is particularly acute during the early portion of the period that the catalyst is placed on stream, i.e., at the startup of a reactor. The catalyst is constituted of a composite which includes a Group VIII noble metal hydrogenation-dehydrogenation component, notably platinum, iridium or rhenium, and tellurium. Hydrogenolysis is suppressed by incorporating within such reforming catalyst at the time of its preparation an element, or a compound or salt of tellurium.

Abstract: A process for the separation of carbon dioxide and, optionally, other acid gas components in a distillation column, operated at high pressure and low temperature, from a gaseous mixture comprising one or more hydrocarbons, including particularly methane, and hydrogen. In its preferred aspects, the feed is predominantly methane, suitably from about 30 to about 85 mole percent and preferably from about 50 to about 80 mole percent methane. The concentration of hydrogen in the gaseous mixture will be sufficient to provide from about 6 to about 34 mole percent, preferably from about 15 to about 25 mole percent hydrogen in the rectification portion of the distillation column. The separation can be effected in a single column usually having from about 20 to about 30 theoretical distillation stages and the feed can be one constituted ab initio within the desired ranges of composition, or modified by addition of components just prior to or at the time of distillation.

Abstract: A process for desensitizing a hypersensitive, high activity reforming catalyst for suppression of hydrogenolysis which is particularly acute during the early portion of the period that the catalyst is placed on stream, i.e., at the start-up of a reactor. The catalyst is constituted of a composite which includes a Group VIII noble metal hydrogenation-dehydrogenation component, notably platinum, iridium or rhenium, and a sulfurous acid or sulfuric acid component. Hydrogenolysis is suppressed by incorporating within such reforming catalyst at the time of its preparation a sulfurous acid or sulfuric acid component.

Abstract: Apparatus for and method of preparing reference mixture gas samples for use with analytical instrumentation and small scale chemical reactions and processes, having a motor-driven magnetic stirrer with the motor and driving magnet mounted externally of the mixing chamber. Such structure together with the mass of the mixing chamber, which is large in comparison to the mass of the samples, helps to stabilize the temperature of the mixing chamber.

Abstract: A process for reforming with hydrogen, or hydroforming, a naphtha in a cyclic reforming unit which contains a plurality of catalyst-containing on stream reactors in series, and a catalyst-containing swing reactor manifolded therewith which can be periodically placed in series and substituted for an on stream reactor while the latter is removed from series for regeneration and reactivation of the catalyst contained therein. In the process, a reactor which is next scheduled for regeneration and reactivation of its near deactivated catalyst is located immediately downstream next in series with a reactor which contains freshly regenerated, reactivated catalyst at the time the latter is initially put on stream so that sulfur released by the freshly regenerated, reactivated catalyst which occurs a short time after the upstream reactor has been returned to service, is adsorbed by the near deactivated catalyst of the reactor next requiring removal from the series for catalyst regeneration and reactivation.