Abstract: A drip irrigator consists of only two substantially parallel discs spaced from each other by the depth of a labyrinthine path extending about a central region between these discs and between a liquid inlet and a dripper outlet and consisting of the material of at least one of these discs. The drip irrigator may have a pair of liquid ports on the discs extending from opposite sides of the central region. A method of making a drip irrigator forms the labyrinthine path in a first disc to extend in turns from a liquid inlet about an axis to a dripper outlet. That labyrinthine path initially is laterally open in a plane perpendicularly intersecting that axis, and that labyrinthine path is laterally closed with another disc in that plane.

Abstract: Recipients of a promotion broadcast over an essentially one-way medium are prompted to respond thereto through their telephone sets having different subscriber telephone numbers, and the task of handling the resulting mass response is divided into a call receiving phase and a subsequent response completing phase. Such call receiving phase is shortened relative to the response completing phase by automatically receiving calls of recipients using their telephone sets to respond to the broadcast promotion, electronically capturing the subscriber telephone numbers of the telephone sets through which these calls are made, and automatically confirming to substantially all callers while on line during these calls that their calls have been received.

Abstract: Recipients of a promotion broadcast over an essentially one-way mass medium are prompted to respond thereto through their telephone sets having different subscriber telephone numbers, and the task of handling the resulting mass response is divided into a call receiving phase and a subsequent response completing phase. Such call receiving phase is shortened relative to the response completing phase by automatically receiving calls of recipients using their telephone sets to respond to the broadcast promotion, electronically capturing the subscriber telephone numbers of the telephone sets through which these calls are made, and automatically confirming to substantially all callers while on line during these calls that their calls have been received.

Abstract: Tape guiding methods and apparatus advance a tape through an arcuate bend having equal radii at both edges. Within that bend an unbalance providing a net force transversely of the tape is created at the tape edges while maintaining the equal radii. The advancing tape is guided by applying it with the created net force to a reference surface while maintaining the equal radii.

Abstract: An improved light composer for use in duplicating film which illuminates each frame of film with an even and thoroughly diffused source of light delivered over a distance in order to prevent the replication of scratches and other surface imperfections in the master copy. The improved light diffuser comprises a light mixer with two opposed ends. The surface of the mixer is optically rough but reflective. A means for scattering light typically covers one of the ends of the mixer. Such means may be a plurality of clear lenses, each having a focal length substantially less than the length of the mixer. In such a case, light is refracted by a plurality of lenses and propagates along the length of the mixer by means of a multiplicity of reflections, whereby a plane opposed to the plurality of lenses is illuminated by a thoroughly diffused and even source of light. One or more scattering means may be combined into a plurality of stages with shutters to produce fades and dissolves on the duplicate copy of film.