Abstract: A decontamination procedure for a fuel cell power plant (10) includes operating the plant to produce electrical power for an operating period, and then terminating operation of the plant (10) for a decontamination period, and then, whenever optimal electrical production of a plant fuel cell (12) is reduced by at least 5% by contaminants adsorbed by fuel cell electrodes (24, 42), decontaminating the fuel cell (12) of the plant (10) during the decontamination period by oxidizing contaminants adsorbed by electrodes (24, 42) of the fuel cell. Oxidizing the contaminants may be accomplished by various steps including exposing the electrodes (24, 42) to flowing oxygen; to heated flowing oxygen; to a sequence of start-stop cycles; and, to varying controlled potentials.

Abstract: A desiccant container (10) includes a cylindrical body (12) having a first end (14) and an opposed second end (16). The cylindrical body (12) defines a desiccant chamber (18) within the cylindrical body (12) for holding the desiccant material within the chamber (18) between the first and second ends (14, 16). The cylindrical body (12) is made of a flexible, gas permeable, liquid impermeable material. A first disk (20) is secured adjacent the first end (14), and a second disk (22) secured adjacent the second end (16) to facilitate closing of the ends (14, 16) and to support maintenance of a cylindrical shape of the container (10) during usage of the desiccant container (10) in high-speed automated packaging machinery.

Abstract: An electron turbulence damping circuit (40) for a complimentary-symmetry unit (10?) includes a first output device (12?) having a first conductivity and a second output device (14?) having a second conductivity that is opposite the conductivity of the first output device (12?). A common load connector (28?) is secured in electrical communication between a load (30?), a first current output (18?) of the first output device (12?) and a second current output (24?) of the second output device (14?). First and second resistive elements (42, 46) are secured in parallel between current inputs (16?, 22?) of the output devices (12?, 14?) and the common load connector (28?). The first and second resistive elements have a virtually identical resistance value that is greater than ten times a minimum impedance of the load (30?). The output devices (12?, 14?) may be transistors.

Abstract: A protective case (10) for six different sized memory cards (20, 34, 50, 62, 75, 90) having distinct exterior dimensions of length, width and/or thickness includes a base (12) and a top (14) hinged to the base (12) for opening and closing. The base (12) includes securing means (18, 32, 48, 60) for securing a first small sized memory card (20) and first, second and third large sized memory cards (34, 50, 62). The top (14) includes a second small sized memory card securing means (74) for securing second and third small sized memory cards (75, 90). The securing means define rectangular alignments (26, 42, 56, 70, 80) approximating exterior length and width dimensions of the six cards (20, 34, 50, 62, 75, 90) and the rectangular alignments (26, 42, 56, 70, 80) overlie each other resulting in a very small case (10).

Abstract: A power plant (10) includes at least one fuel cell (12), a coolant loop (18) including a freeze tolerant accumulator (22) for storing and separating a water immiscible fluid and water coolant, a direct contact heat exchanger (56) for mixing the water immiscible fluid and the water coolant within a mixing region (72) of the heat exchanger (56), a coolant pump (21) for circulating the coolant through the coolant loop (18), a radiator loop (84) for circulating the water immiscible fluid through the heat exchanger (56), a radiator (86) for removing heat from the coolant, and a direct contact heat exchanger by-pass system (200). The plant (10) utilizes the water immiscible fluid during steady-state operation to cool the fuel cell and during shut down of the plant to displace water from the fuel cell (12) to the freeze tolerant accumulator (22).

Abstract: A geared mechanical device designed to limit a finite amount of water per flush to a tank reservoir of the common household toilet, providing positive shutoff of flow and anti-siphon back flow prevention. The toilet is flushed, the actuator lever opens the flo-control valve stopper by means of linkage to the flush lever. The water enters the back flow chamber into the primary valve chamber thence to the flow control chamber, and on to the float valve into the toilet tank for fill up. Force of the water rotates the drive impeller gearably linked to the hold release mechanism. On release the flo-control valve stopper closes. The back flow prevention chamber allows the water to pass in the direction of flow and reseats itself when the flow has stopped or if water pressure is lost at any time eliminating a need for a anti-siphon tube. A replenish tube restores water level to the bowl. A water delivery chamber may be affixed to the flo-control in place of the float valve.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly (46) having a first reactant flow field (80) secured adjacent a first or second surface (48, 50) of the assembly (46) for directing flow of a first reactant adjacent the first or second surface of the assembly (46). The first reactant flow field (80) defines a plurality of two-pass circuits (82, 84, 86, 88), and each two-pass circuit (82) is in fluid communication with both a first reactant inlet (90) for directing the first reactant into the fuel cell (12), and with a first reactant outlet (92) for directing the first reactant out of the fuel cell (12). The plurality of two-pass circuits (82) facilitate water movement (112) toward the reactant inlet (90) to aid in passive maintenance of fuel cell (12) water balance.

Abstract: The plant (60) includes at least one fuel cell (10, 62) having a wetproofed anode support (20) and a cathode support (24) for directing reactant streams adjacent catalysts (14, 16). A porous anode cooler plate (26) has its fuel channels (28A, 28B, 28C, 28D) secured adjacent the anode support (20). A porous cathode water management plate (38) has its oxidant channels (40A, 40B, 40C, 40D) secured adjacent the cathode support (24). A direct antifreeze solution passes only through coolant channels (32A, 32B, 32C, 32D) of the anode cooler plate (26) so the solution cannot poison the catalysts (14, 16), while fuel cell product water flows passively through the water management plate (38) and water management channels (44A, 44B, 44C, 44D) defined in the plate (38) to humidify reactant streams and be discharged from the fuel cell (62).

Abstract: The invention is a system (10) and method for determining a gas composition within a fuel cell (12) of a shut down fuel cell power plant. The system (10) includes at least one fuel cell (12), a sensor circuit (86) secured in electrical connection with the fuel cell (12), wherein the circuit (86) includes a power source (88), a voltage-measuring device (90), and a sensor circuit switch (92). The circuit (86) is secured so that the power source (88) may selectively deliver a pre-determined sensing current to the fuel cell (12) for a pre-determined sensing duration. The system (10) selectively admits the reducing fluid into an anode flow field (28) of the cell (12) whenever the sensor circuit (86) senses that a shut down monitoring voltage of the fuel cell (12) is the same as or exceeds a calibrated sensor voltage limit of the fuel cell (12).

Abstract: A freeze tolerant fuel cell power plant (10) includes at least one fuel cell (12), a coolant loop (18) including a freeze tolerant accumulator (22) for storing and separating a water immiscible fluid and water coolant, a direct contact heat exchanger (56) for mixing the water immiscible fluid and the water coolant within a mixing region (72) of the heat exchanger (56), a coolant pump (21) for circulating the coolant through the coolant loop (18), a radiator loop (84) for circulating the water immiscible fluid through the heat exchanger (56), and a radiator (86) for removing heat from the coolant. The plant (10) utilizes the water immiscible fluid during steady-state operation to cool the fuel cell and during shut down of the plant to displace water from the fuel cell (12) to the freeze tolerant accumulator (22).

Abstract: A performance enhancing break-in method for a proton exchange membrane (“PEM”) fuel cell (12) includes cycling potentials of an anode electrode (14) and a cathode electrode (16) from a first potential to a second potential and back to the first potential, and repeating the cycling for each electrode (14, 16) for at least two electrode cycles. The potential cycling may be achieved in a first embodiment by applying a direct current from a programmable direct current power source (80) to the electrodes. Alternatively the potential cycling may be achieved by varying reactants to which the anode and cathode electrodes (14, 16) are exposed.

Abstract: The invention includes an anode fuel flow field (100) adjacent a fuel cell (12) electrolyte (18) that defines a fuel path (102) between a fuel inlet (108) and a fuel outlet (110) and includes a cooler plate (118) in heat exchange relationship with the anode fuel flow field (100) that defines a coolant path (120) between a coolant inlet (126) and a coolant outlet (128). The fuel path (102) has a width (132) that is about the same as a width (134) of the coolant path (120) where the fuel path (102) and the coolant path (120) are closest to each other, and the fuel path (102) substantially overlies the coolant path (120) to minimize evaporation of water from water management flow fields (20) (22) and/or the electrolyte (18) into the fuel within the fuel path (102).

Abstract: The security portal (10) is dimensioned to be readily mounted and transported on a trailer (54) alone as a single security portal (10) or with a plurality of security portals to provide screening for a short term, high security event. The portal (10) includes bullet-resistant, bomb-blast proof and at least partially transparent walls (12, 14, 16, 18) and doors (22, 24, 26). Monitors (32, 34) are secured to the portal (10) for monitoring an individual within an interior (30) of the portal (10) for detecting weapons, bio-hazards, chemical toxins, illegal drugs, contraband, or other hazardous materials. The security portal also includes a security monitoring station (36) adjacent the security access door (26) and a bomb-blast enclosure (66) having a flap (68) and bomb-blast containment balloon (70) for containing hazardous materials in the event of a bomb-blast within the portal (10).

Abstract: A vacuum separation, transport and collection system for immiscible liquids includes a separator (12) for separating two immiscible liquids such as oil and a water-based coolant, and for directing the separated immiscible liquid into a holder (16). A collector (18) is secured through a vacuum line (20) with the holder (16) and a vacuum generator (22) applies a vacuum to the collector (18) and holder (16). A controller (28) controls the vacuum generator (22) to apply a vacuum to the collector (18) and the holder (16) for a predetermined vacuum duty cycle for periodically removing separated immiscible liquid (26) from the holder (16) into the collector (18). Contaminants in the immiscible liquid cannot degrade performance of the system because such contaminants do not contact the vacuum generator (22) or controller (28).

Abstract: The invention is a hydrogen passivation shut down system for a fuel cell power plant (10). An anode flow path (24) is in fluid communication with an anode catalyst (14) for directing hydrogen fuel to flow adjacent to the anode catalyst (14), and a cathode flow path (38) is in fluid communication with a cathode catalyst (16) for directing an oxidant to flow adjacent to the cathode catalyst (16) of a fuel cell (12). Hydrogen fuel is permitted to transfer between the anode flow path (24) and the cathode flow path (38). A hydrogen reservoir (66) is secured in fluid communication with the anode flow path (24) for receiving and storing hydrogen during fuel cell (12) operation, and for releasing the hydrogen into fuel cell (12) whenever the fuel cell (12) is shut down.

Abstract: A freeze tolerant fuel cell power plant (10) includes at least one fuel cell (12), a coolant loop (42) having a porous water transport plate (44) secured in a heat and mass exchange relationship with the fuel cell (12) and a coolant pump (46) for circulating a coolant through the plate (44) and for transferring water into or out of the plate (44) with the coolant. A coolant heat exchanger (52) removes heat from the coolant, and an accumulator (66) stores the coolant and fuel cell product water and directs the product water out of the accumulator (66). The coolant is a two-component mixed coolant liquid circulating through the coolant loop (42) consisting of between 80 and 95 volume percent of a low freezing temperature water immiscible fluid component and between 5 and 20 volume percent of a water component.

Abstract: A fuel cell power plant (10) having a fuel concentration sensor cell (54) is disclosed for detecting a concentration of fuel in a fuel cell (12) of the plant (10). A portion of a fuel exhaust stream is directed to flow through the sensor cell (54) adjacent to a membrane electrode assembly (60) of the sensor cell (54). A power circuit (62) may or may not deliver an electrical current to the cell (12), while changes in voltage across the cell (12) that are proportional to changes in hydrogen concentrations within the fuel exhaust stream are detected by a detector (68) which communicates the changes to a controller (108) for controlling a rate of fuel supply to the fuel cell (12). A porous sensor water transport plate (74) cools, humidifies delivers and removes liquid from the sensor cell (12).

Abstract: A high molecular weight direct antifreeze cooled fuel cell 10 includes an electrolyte 52 secured between an anode catalyst 54 and a cathode catalyst 56; a porous anode substrate 58 secured in direct fluid communication with and supporting the anode catalyst 54; a porous wetproofed cathode substrate 62 secured in direct fluid communication with and supporting the cathode catalyst 56; a porous water transport plate 64 secured in direct fluid communication with the porous cathode substrate 62; and, a high molecular weight direct antifreeze solution passing through the porous water transport plate 64 to cool and remove product water from the fuel cell 10. The high molecular weight direct antifreeze solution preferably includes polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 8,000 AMU. The direct antifreeze solution does not leave the water transport plate 64 in significant quantities to poison the catalysts.

Abstract: The invention is a reversible fuel cell power plant (10). A reactant switch-over assembly (48) is secured between a reducing fluid fuel source (30), an oxygen containing oxidant source (24), and first and second flow fields (20) (22) of a fuel cell (12). The switch-over assembly (48) first directs a reducing fluid fuel stream to flow into the first flow field (20) while it simultaneously directs the oxygen containing oxidant stream to flow into the second flow field (22). Then, after a first half of a useful life span of the fuel cell (12) but before a final one quarter of the useful life span, the switch-over assembly (48) directs the reducing fluid fuel stream to flow into the second flow field (22) while it simultaneously directs the oxygen containing oxidant stream to flow into the first flow field (20).