Abstract: A reverse osmosis membrane bearing an ionic complex and a method of making the membrane is described. The ionic complex is formed from a first compound bearing at least one quaternary ammonium or pyridinium group and a second compound bearing at least one sulfonate or carboxylate group. The complex enhances solute rejection of the membrane.

Abstract: A novel composite membrane and methods of making the membrane are described. The discriminating layer of the membrane is prepared by reaction of a reactive cationic compound group with a compound bearing a nucleophilic moiety. At least one of the reactants bears an average of two or more reactive groups. The reaction product contains covalent bonds formed via charge eliminating reactions.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleophilic group is anionic and a coacervate is formed initially on a microporous substrate. The resulting membrane may be useful for reverse osmosis, gas or ultrafiltration separations.

Abstract: A novel composite membrane and methods of making the membrane are described. The discriminating layer of the membrane is prepared by reaction of a reactive cationic compound group with a compound bearing a nucleophilic moiety. At least one of the reactants bears an average of two or more reactive groups. The reaction product contains covalent bonds formed via charge eliminating reactions.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleophilic group is anionic and a coacervate is formed initially on a microporous substrate. The resulting membrane may be useful for reverse osmosis, gas or ultrafiltration separations.

Abstract: A novel composite membrane and methods of making the membrane are described. The discriminating layer of the membrane is prepared by reaction of a reactive cationic compound group with a compound bearing a nucleophilic moiety. At least one of the reactants bears an average of two or more reactive groups. The reaction product contains covalent bonds formed via charge eliminating reactions.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleophilic group is anionic and a coacervate is formed initially on a microporous substrate. The resulting membrane may be useful for reverse osmosis, gas or ultrafiltration separations.

Abstract: An improved process is described for separating carbon dioxide from light hydrocarbons by means of a membrane. The membrane separation is operated so that hydrocarbon liquids are condensed in contact with the membrane. This process is particularly valuable for the separation of gas mixtures into separate acid gas, gaseous hydrocarbon and liquid hydrocarbon streams.

Abstract: Excess ethylene carbonate is reacted with p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of potassium iodide, potassium bromide, potassium fluoride, cesium iodide or cesium fluoride to make hydroxyethyl p-(hydroxyethoxy)benzoate.

Abstract: A process is described for introducing nitrile groups to compounds susceptible to Vilsmeier formylation via two sequential reactions in a single reaction medium. In the first reaction, the susceptible compound is reacted with a Vilsmeier reagent in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. In the second reaction, a hydroxylamine salt is introduced to the medium in the presence of at least an equivalent amount of phosphorus oxychloride.

Abstract: Novel advanced epoxy resins are prepared using phosphine or phosphonium salt initiators bearing at least one hydroxyphenyl or thiophenyl groups. These phosphonium salt initiators are novel compositions of matter. The resulting resins contain reduced quantities of extractable phosphorus containing moieties.

Abstract: A novel imidazolinium salt is prepared by (1) reacting N-aminoalkyl-imidazoline, N-hydroxyalkyl-imidazoline, or N-substituted-imidazoline with an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ester of a carboxylic acid, (2) reacting the resulting ester imidazoline with a primary or secondary amine and (3) quaternizing the resulting amido imidazoline product by reacting it with an alkylating agent. This imidazolinium salt is useful as a fabric softening agent.

Abstract: A simple device for measuring flow rate of liquid in a partially-full pipe. This device comprises a generally vertical, first chamber into which liquid is introduced, a non-opaque, second generally vertical chamber in communication with the lower portion of the first chamber, an orifice communicating with the lower portion of the first and second chambers, an overflow leg and an outlet for liquid passing through the orifice or overflow. The height of liquid in the second chamber provides a visible indication of the flow rate.

Abstract: A process has been discovered for selective preparation of isomers and enantiomers of 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dihalovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylic acids. In this process an adduct of an alkyl 3,3-dimethyl-4-pentenoate and a substituted 2-oxazolidone is reacted with a substituted dihalomethane compound. The resulting compound is cyclized, dehydrohalogenated and hydrolyzed to yield the desired product. These cyclopropane carboxylic acids are useful precursors for pyrethroid insecticides.

Abstract: A method of determining the concentration of each of two salts in a liquid medium is disclosed. Sound velocity, X-ray absorption and temperature information are used to determine the respective concentrations.

Abstract: The title salts are prepared in high purity by contacting in an aqueous reaction medium (a) 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline present in its free form in low concentration and (b) an acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic carboxylic acids, alkyl or aryl sulfonic acids and mixtures thereof. The low concentration of 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (IPO) in its free form can be achieved by adding the IPO slowly to the reaction mixture so that it does not accumulate or by maintaining a pH of less than about 2.5 in the reaction mixture so that nearly all of the IPO will be protonated.

Abstract: A process has been discovered for selective preparation of isomers and enantiomers of 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dihalovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylic acids. In this process an adduct of an alkyl 3,3-dimethyl-4-pentenoate and a substituted 2-oxazolidone is reacted with a substituted dihalomethane compound. The resulting compound is cyclized, dehydrohalogenated and hydrolyzed to yield the desired product. These cyclopropane carboxylic acids are useful precursors for pyrethroid insecticides.

Abstract: Novel advanced epoxy resins are prepared using phosphine or phosphonium salt initiators bearing at least one hydroxyphenyl or thiophenyl groups. These phosphonium salt initiators are novel compositions of matter. The resulting resins contain reduced quantities of extractable phosphorus containing moieties.

Abstract: The froth flotation of coal in the presence of a condensate of an alkanolamine with at least about 0.8 equivalent of a fatty acid improves the separation of carbonaceous solids possessing relatively high heat value from ash and other inert mineral matter. Flotation in the presence of this condensate is particularly effective to enhance the recovery of oxidized bituminous coal.

Abstract: Certain novel diepoxides derived from an alkylenediaminetetraacetic acid are described. These diepoxides can be reacted with standard curing agents to prepare coatings or films possessing good weatherability.

Abstract: Certain tetrahydrocarbyl phosphonium phenoxide salts are described herein which are novel compounds and/or novel catalysts for promoting the reaction between vicinal epoxides and phenols and/or carboxylic acids or anhydrides. These catalysts are particularly useful in preparing high molecular weight epoxy resins by the advancement reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with bisphenol A.

Abstract: The level of hydrolyzable chloride-containing impurities in an isocyanatoalkyl ester of an organic carboxylic acid is reduced by reacting the impurities with a vicinal epoxide-containing compound and then fractionally distilling the mixture to recover the isocyanatoalkyl ester. As an example, crude 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) in a methylene chloride solution containing 0.084 weight percent of hydrolyzable chloride is contacted with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A at 23.degree. C. This reaction mixture is then fractionally distilled to separate the IEM from the methylene chloride first cut and the epoxy resin residue. The hydrolyzable chloride level of the distilled IEM product is only 0.03 weight percent.

Abstract: A method of making a new food product which comprises carboxymethylcellulose, a gelling binder, food particles and typically other batter-like ingredients. The method comprises mixing carboxymethylcellulose, a gelling binder and the batter-like ingredients to form a food matrix, which is admixed with food particles and water to form a food mash. This food mash is extruded into a desirous shape and is contacted with an aluminum solution. Further processing the food product can be done by battering, or breading and the like. The food product does not have a gel-like coating encasing it, so it has very appealing textural characteristics. Additional advantages are that carboxymethylcellulose is readily available, is not temperature sensitive and is not expensive.