Abstract: A method of manufacturing a field emission element includes the steps of: forming a conductive gate electrode film on a substrate; forming an insulating film on the gate electrode film; forming a hole in the insulating film and the gate electrode through etching by using a resist pattern as a mask; forming a first sacrificial film covering the insulating film and the substrate; etching back the first sacrificial film to leave a side spacer on the side wall of the hole of the gate electrode forming a second sacrificial film covering and the substrate; forming a conductive emitter electrode on the second sacrificial film; and removing a portion of the second sacrificial film to expose at least a portion of the emitter electrode film and a portion of the gate electrode film.

Abstract: Means for securing a polymer liner to the inner surface of a pipe comprises an end piece consisting of a hub portion and a corrosion resistant metallic insert. The polymer hub is fusion welded to the end of the liner, and the metallic insert is seal welded portion of the inner surface of the pipe clad with corrosion resistant material at a distance from the outer end of the pipe. The clad portion may be provided by a pup piece welded to the end of the pipe. This arrangement allows two lengths of lined pipes to be joined by welding with a continuous corrosion resistant internal surface, without damage to the polymer pipe linings and in a manner which allows an assembled pipe string to be spooled onto a reel for subsequent pipelaying operations. In the preferred embodiment, the metal insert is screw-threaded to the polymer hub with an elastomeric seal therebetween, which provides a secondary seal between the end piece and the pipe wall.

Abstract: A microwave oven waveguide structure which allows the use of low frequency microwaves which is sufficient for cooking, includes an indent portion in a waveguide which is mounted on one side of the inner housing and to which a microwave generated from the magnetron is transmitted, in a microwave oven having an inner housing for forming a cavity for accommodating food and a magnetron for generating a microwave.