Abstract: Surface modified support membranes and a process therefor are disclosed wherein the support membrane has a substantially uniform layer of hydrogel deposited on essentially the entire surface area thereof.

Abstract: A surface-modified support membrane is disclosed wherein the membrane coating is resistant to cleaning agents such as surfactants and solvents. Also disclosed is a process for preparing such membranes. The subject membranes have a modifying polymer irreversibly adsorbed onto essentially all of the surface area thereof, which modifying polymer is uniformly cross-linked.

Abstract: Microbial cells are immobilized by entrapment in gellan gum, also known as deacetylated heteropolysaccharide S-60. Entrapment can be carried out by forming a mixture of a paste of microbial cells and an aqueous solution of gellan gum and adding the mixture drop-wise to an aqueous solution of cations to produce beads of hardened gellan gum entrapping the microbial cells. The microbial cells preferably contain aspartase activity and can be E. coli ATCC 11303, and the cations are preferably magnesium ions. In an alternative embodiment, the mixture of microbial cell paste and aqueous gellan gum solution is admixed with a porous cationic exchange resin which is preferably in magnesium ion form and the microbial cells are entrapped in hardened gellan gum in and on the resin.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing urethanes from primary or secondary amines, carbon dioxide and a diolefin. The amine is reacted with carbon dioxide to form the ammonium carbamate salt which is then reacted with a stoichiometric amount of a diolefin coordinated to palladium(II).

Abstract: This invention is directed to a hydraulic multiplex unit for receiving continuously one or more samples of liquid from a liquid purification system of distribution system and redirecting such sample or samples randomly or in sequence to one or more analytical instruments. The sample collecting system and multiplex unit is periodically backflushed with ozone to maintain the collection and analysis system clean of impurities, particles and the like which adversely affect the composition of the fluid samples.

Abstract: The invention described herein describes certain test wafers to be used in diagnosing heavy metal contamination in furnaces used in the manufacture of electronic devices and the method of referencing such wafers to a common wafer source for establishing an accurate baseline for a furnace to determine if it is functioning adequately or if an impurity or contaminant problem exists.

Abstract: Semiconductor substrate materials, such as silicon, useful in the manufacture of electronic devices, such as integrated circuits, having a 0.05 to 2.0 micron thick layer of polysilicon on the backside to improve gettering capabilities of defects, contaminants and impurities away from the active device region of the substrate are provided with a 10 to 40 micron deep region from the surface having reduced oxygen concentration. The oxygen denuding is accomplished by heating the substrate material at a temperature of 1050.degree. to 1250.degree. C. first in the presence of oxygen to break up oxygen nuclei, secondly in the presence of oxygen and halogen to permit stacking fault retrogrowth and oxygen outdiffusion, and thirdly in the presence of oxygen, nitrogen and/or argon.

Abstract: N+ type semiconductor substrates containing oxygen are thermally treated to enhance internal gettering capabilities by heating at 1050.degree. to 1200.degree. C., then at 500.degree. to 900.degree. C. and finally at 950.degree. to 1250.degree. C.

Abstract: Semiconductor substrate materials, such as silicon, useful in the manufacture of electronic devices, such as integrated circuits, employing low temperature, i.e., below 1025.degree. C. processing cycles are provided with a 0.05 to 2.0 micron thick layer of polysilicon on the backside to improve gettering capabilities of defects, contaminants and impurities away from the active device region of the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an improved process wherein an olefin, an alcohol, or an ester, halide or ether derivative of said alcohol is reacted with carbon monoxide in a liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst system that contains (a) a rhodium component, and (b) an iodine or bromine component. By passing at least a portion of the liquid reaction mass from the reaction zone to a separation zone of substantially lower CO partial pressure, at least a portion of the carbonylation products, as well as unreacted carbon monoxide, inert gases, and unreacted olefin, alcohol, or alcohol derivatives are vaporized and can be withdrawn from the separation zone. Precipitation of the rhodium catalyst under carbon monoxide deficient conditions is prevented or retarded by addition to the system of a stabilizer component selected from N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-o-phenylenediamine and 2,3'-dipyridyl.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an improved process wherein an olefin, an alcohol, or an ester, halide or ether derivative of said alcohol is reacted with carbon monoxide in a liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst system containing a rhodium component and an iodine or bromine component. By passing at least a portion of the liquid reaction mass from the reaction zone to a separation zone of substantially lower CO partial pressure, at least a portion of the carbonylation products, as well as unreacted carbon monoxide, inert gases, and unreacted olefin, alcohol, or alcohol derivatives are vaporized and can be withdrawn from the separation zone. Precipitation of the rhodium catalyst under carbon monoxide deficient conditions is prevented or retarded by addition to the system of a stabilizer which is a tin component which may be tin or a tin compound.

Abstract: A method for controlling dopant variation in neutron silicon is provided wherein the selection of undoped single crystal silicon for neutron transmutation doping is based upon certain criteria, for example, a maximum dopant difference which depends only on the desired uniformity of the neutron doped material and a maximum average dopant concentration which is a function of the homogeneity of both the undoped single crystal silicon and the neutron doped product. The results achievable from using the method for controlling dopant variation in the neutron doped silicon provides uniformity of the neutron doped product determinable by the correct choice of dopant difference and dopant factor, and that the doping precision for the radiated silicon does not depend on the doping factor.

Abstract: Carbon-containing materials are gasified to produce synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, in a three zone unified system (oxidizer, reducer and gasifier) using a metal oxide as the oxygen and heat source for the gasification with steam and carbon dioxide. Synthesis gas contacts the metal oxide prior to the gasification to release the oxygen and convert the synthesis gas to steam and carbon dioxide as the gasification medium.

Abstract: Carbon-containing materials are gasified to produce high purity carbon monoxide in a three zone unified system (oxidizer, reducer and gasifier) using a metal oxide as the oxygen and heat source for the gasification with carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contacts the metal oxide prior to the gasification to release the oxygen and convert the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide as the gasification medium.

Abstract: Ammonia synthesis gas is prepared by contacting coal with air and steam in a fluidized bed. Heat for the reaction is provided by downward flowing hot char through the fluidized bed. The char is heated externally of the fluidized bed by combustion of fuel and/or a portion of the char. Control of the ratio of steam and air to the coal provides a gasification product of approximately 3 moles carbon monoxide plus hydrogen per mole of nitrogen.

Abstract: Ammonia synthesis gas is prepared by contacting coal with air and steam in a fluidized bed. Heat for the reaction is provided by downward flowing hot thermal refractory material through the fluidized bed. The refractory material is heated externally of the fluidized bed by combustion of fuel. Control of the ratio of steam and air to the coal provides a gasification product of approximately 3 moles carbon monoxide plus hydrogen per mole of nitrogen.

Abstract: Residual PCl.sub.3 in POCl.sub.3 which has been prepared by the oxidation of PCl.sub.3 in the presence of air or oxygen-enriched air is converted to POCl.sub.3 by contacting the POCl.sub.3 /PCl.sub.3 mixture with ozone or an ozone-enriched gas.

Abstract: An (amm)oxidation catalyst is made by forming an aqueous slurry containing the molybdate of at least one of the elements in the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and iron, a bismuth oxide or salt, and optionally a phosphate radical and an ion of an element selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium and calcium, and thereafter separating the solid phase from the slurry and calcining said solid phase to form the catalyst.

Abstract: In a method for preparing a phosphorus-vanadium-oxygen catalyst wherein a pentavalent vanadium compound and a trivalent phosphorus compound are brought together in a liquid reaction zone under conditions to provide a substantial amount of tetravalent vanadium and to form a phosphorus-vanadium-oxygen catalyst precursor having a phosphorus to vanadium atom ratio between about 0.9:1 and about 2:1, the improvement of this invention comprises adding a sufficient amount of a surfactant to the liquid reaction zone to form a dispersion which comprises a liquid, the surfactant and a dispersoid of the phosphorus-vanadium-oxygen catalyst precursor.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the production of a polyester which comprises initiating a reaction between a polyterminal epoxide being the reaction product of one mole bisphenol A and two moles of epichlorohydrin, a mono-terminal epoxide and a cyclic diacid anhydride in the presence of a catalytically effective quaternary salt heating to a point at which the reaction becomes a self-sustaining exothermic reaction and controlling the reaction such that the temperature of the mixture is not reduced until after the exothermic reaction has begun to subside.