Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal display element formed by sealing a liquid crystal layer in a space between a pair of light transmitting substrates, the liquid crystal layer being formed by a liquid crystal material so that .DELTA.n.multidot.d that is a product of the index anisotropy .DELTA.

Abstract: An image forming system, wherein a second digital copying machine stores image data temporarily on behalf of a first digital copying machine at its request and returns the stored image data upon receipt of a return request. When the second digital copying machine has not received any return request from the first digital copying machine within a predetermined period, the second digital copying machine erases the stored image data to utilize its own memory efficiently.

Abstract: A red filter and a red alignment mark are simultaneously formed by performing alignment of a photomask for exposure with a groundwork alignment mark. When forming a blue filter, a blue filter pattern is formed from a blue resist by performing alignment of a photomask with the red alignment mark by using a red alignment light. Intensities of reflection lights concerning the red alignment mark are increased by using the red alignment mark that does not absorb the red alignment light when forming the blue filter, so that a high contrast of the red alignment mark is obtained.

Abstract: A sufficiently wide viewing angle characteristic is obtained while a sufficient front contrast is ensured. With respect to the light transmitted by a polarizing plate and a phase difference plate before exiting from a liquid crystal display device, the viewing angle in the 12-6 o'clock direction is improved by a phase difference plate. By a light diffusing plate, a sufficient front contrast is ensured by causing the light to exit in the direction of the normal and the light is diffused in the 9-3 o'clock direction where the viewing angle is not improved by the phase difference plate. In the case where the light diffusing plate has a double refractivity, the liquid crystal display apparatus is arranged so that the light is transmitted by the light diffusing plate after transmitted by a polarizing plate.