Abstract: An optical card recording apparatus comprises a card holding member (17) on which an optical card is loaded at a predetermined position, a driving device (12,14,15,16, 17G,22,24,25) for moving the card holding member (17) in relation to a fixed member, and a movement control device (45, 51) operative to control the driving device (12,14,15,16, 17G,22,24,25) so as to place the card holding member (17) at a reference position in relation to the fixed member and then to move the card holding member (17) from the reference position or a position at which the card holding member (17) reaches after moving from the reference position by a selected distance in a predetermined manner, so that record tracks are formed on the optical card in a predetermined arrangement by a light beam caused to be incident upon the optical card loaded on the card holding member (17).

Abstract: A digital code modulation circuit converts input data formed of sequentially received serial data into parallel data such that each parallel data has input data for reference in both preceding and following parallel data, and thereupon applies a code conversion to the parallel data and thereby executes modulation of the input data in parallel. Conversely, a digital code demodulation circuit applies a code conversion to input data formed of serial data sequentially input thereto to form parallel data such that each parallel data has input data for reference in both the preceding and following parallel data and thereby executes demodulation of the input data in parallel.

Abstract: There is provided an encoding apparatus and method for error correction in which encoding is performed such that information symbols are respectively included in different first and second error correction code series, and one block is formed by header data including at least a block address for discrimination of a block and a data portion which does not include the address and consists of main data, the encoding apparatus comprising means for forming the first error correction code series including first parity data for a set of symbols in which a plurality of said blocks are arranged with respect to all of the symbols included in the blocks, and forming the second error correction code series including second parity data with regard to a part of the header data and all of the main data portion.According to the invention, a part of the main data can be recorded in a part of the header. Protection of the header can be made strong. In addition, reading address errors can be certainly detected.